1 00:00:02,235 --> 00:00:03,036 >> LETTERS FROM BELGIAN 2 00:00:03,036 --> 00:00:04,604 CHILDREN TO THE UNITED STATES 3 00:00:04,604 --> 00:00:06,773 DURING WORLD WAR I. 4 00:00:06,773 --> 00:00:08,007 >> LIÈGE, BELGIUM. 5 00:00:08,007 --> 00:00:10,543 27th MAY, 1915. 6 00:00:10,543 --> 00:00:11,878 GENEROUS BENEFACTORS, 7 00:00:11,878 --> 00:00:13,213 IT IS WITH GREAT PLEASURE 8 00:00:13,213 --> 00:00:14,681 THAT I WRITE TO YOU 9 00:00:14,681 --> 00:00:16,850 ON BEHALF OF MY FELLOW PUPILS 10 00:00:16,850 --> 00:00:18,885 TO EXPRESS OUR FEELINGS 11 00:00:18,885 --> 00:00:20,687 OF RESPECTFUL GRATITUDE. 12 00:00:20,687 --> 00:00:21,321 >> AT THE OUTSET 13 00:00:21,321 --> 00:00:22,455 OF THIS FRIGHTFUL CALAMITY 14 00:00:22,455 --> 00:00:23,757 THAT IS STRIKING US, 15 00:00:23,757 --> 00:00:24,824 WE COULD ONLY LOOK AHEAD WITH 16 00:00:24,824 --> 00:00:26,025 TERROR TO THE CONSEQUENCES 17 00:00:26,025 --> 00:00:28,094 OF THIS NEW GERMAN INVASION. 18 00:00:28,094 --> 00:00:28,695 THE THREAT... 19 00:00:28,695 --> 00:00:29,529 >> "OF STARVATION WAS 20 00:00:29,529 --> 00:00:32,332 "A PARTICULARLY LARGE CONCERN." 21 00:00:32,332 --> 00:00:33,066 >> HEY, BETH. 22 00:00:33,066 --> 00:00:33,700 WHY ARE YOU HANGING OUT 23 00:00:33,700 --> 00:00:34,401 WITH MY FAVORITE 24 00:00:34,401 --> 00:00:35,502 WORLD WAR I AIRPLANE? 25 00:00:35,502 --> 00:00:36,636 THE TECHNOLOGY BEHIND 26 00:00:36,636 --> 00:00:38,204 THESE PLANES WAS INCREDIBLE. 27 00:00:38,204 --> 00:00:38,905 THEY WERE MADE OUT OF 28 00:00:38,905 --> 00:00:40,073 FABRIC AND WOOD! 29 00:00:40,073 --> 00:00:40,807 >> YOU KNOW, MARTY, 30 00:00:40,807 --> 00:00:42,308 THE GREAT WAR WASN'T JUST ABOUT 31 00:00:42,308 --> 00:00:43,309 BOMBS AND BULLETS. 32 00:00:43,309 --> 00:00:44,110 THERE WAS A HUMAN 33 00:00:44,110 --> 00:00:45,178 ELEMENT, TOO. 34 00:00:45,178 --> 00:00:46,613 IN FACT, I'M READING 35 00:00:46,613 --> 00:00:47,347 THANK YOU LETTERS 36 00:00:47,347 --> 00:00:48,548 TO THE UNITED STATES FROM 37 00:00:48,548 --> 00:00:50,417 SCHOOLCHILDREN IN BELGIUM. 38 00:00:50,417 --> 00:00:51,017 >> WHY WERE THEY WRITING 39 00:00:51,017 --> 00:00:52,152 THANK YOU LETTERS? 40 00:00:52,152 --> 00:00:52,852 >> WELL, THAT'S ALL 41 00:00:52,852 --> 00:00:54,454 PART OF THE HUMAN STORY. 42 00:00:54,454 --> 00:00:55,121 >> OH, I'D LOVE TO HEAR 43 00:00:55,121 --> 00:00:55,722 MORE ABOUT THIS. 44 00:00:55,722 --> 00:00:56,589 DO YOU HAVE SOME TIME? 45 00:00:56,589 --> 00:00:58,158 >> WE'VE GOT ABOUT 30 MINUTES. 46 00:00:58,158 --> 00:01:00,794 >> both: THIS IS STEM IN 30. 47 00:01:00,794 --> 00:01:10,003 ♪♪ 48 00:01:22,782 --> 00:01:25,051 >> all: THIS IS STEM IN 30. 49 00:01:25,051 --> 00:01:32,592 ♪♪ 50 00:01:42,068 --> 00:01:42,936 >> HI, I'M BETH. 51 00:01:42,936 --> 00:01:43,736 >> AND I'M MARTY, AND TODAY 52 00:01:43,736 --> 00:01:44,871 WE'RE COMING TO YOU LIVE 53 00:01:44,871 --> 00:01:46,539 FROM A VERY SPECIAL LOCATION. 54 00:01:46,539 --> 00:01:47,507 WE ARE AT THE RESIDENCE 55 00:01:47,507 --> 00:01:49,042 OF THE BELGIAN AMBASSADOR 56 00:01:49,042 --> 00:01:50,510 IN WASHINGTON, D.C. 57 00:01:50,510 --> 00:01:51,344 >> AND WE ARE JOINED BY 58 00:01:51,344 --> 00:01:52,645 MRS. WOUTERS, WHO'S THE WIFE 59 00:01:52,645 --> 00:01:54,013 OF THE BELGIAN AMBASSADOR. 60 00:01:54,013 --> 00:01:54,948 THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR 61 00:01:54,948 --> 00:01:56,449 HOSTING US IN YOUR HOME TODAY. 62 00:01:56,449 --> 00:01:57,584 >> YOU'RE MOST WELCOME. 63 00:01:57,584 --> 00:01:58,184 >> WOULD YOU TELL US 64 00:01:58,184 --> 00:01:59,652 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THIS HOUSE? 65 00:01:59,652 --> 00:02:00,620 IT'S BEAUTIFUL. 66 00:02:00,620 --> 00:02:01,688 >> YES, I THINK IT IS 67 00:02:01,688 --> 00:02:03,490 ONE OF THE MOST BEAUTIFUL 68 00:02:03,490 --> 00:02:04,591 DIPLOMATIC MANSIONS 69 00:02:04,591 --> 00:02:06,626 IN WASHINGTON, D.C. 70 00:02:06,626 --> 00:02:07,894 THE HOUSE WAS BUILT 71 00:02:07,894 --> 00:02:09,729 IN 1930. 72 00:02:09,729 --> 00:02:11,064 IT IS, OUTSIDE, 73 00:02:11,064 --> 00:02:12,465 A PERFECT IMITATION OF 74 00:02:12,465 --> 00:02:14,734 AN 18th CENTURY MANSION. 75 00:02:14,734 --> 00:02:16,936 IT IS THEREFORE A WONDERFUL 76 00:02:16,936 --> 00:02:18,605 EXAMPLE OF WHAT IS CALLED 77 00:02:18,605 --> 00:02:21,307 CLASSICAL REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE. 78 00:02:21,307 --> 00:02:23,343 INSIDE IT IS DECORATED WITH 79 00:02:23,343 --> 00:02:25,979 18th CENTURY STYLE ORNAMENTS, 80 00:02:25,979 --> 00:02:28,381 AS WELL, BUT ALSO WITH 81 00:02:28,381 --> 00:02:31,417 PAINTINGS BY BELGIAN ARTISTS. 82 00:02:31,417 --> 00:02:32,252 BELGIUM HAS HAD 83 00:02:32,252 --> 00:02:33,453 DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS 84 00:02:33,453 --> 00:02:34,721 WITH THE UNITED STATES 85 00:02:34,721 --> 00:02:37,156 FOR ALMOST 200 YEARS. 86 00:02:37,156 --> 00:02:41,160 AND IN 1946, AFTER WE FOUGHT 87 00:02:41,160 --> 00:02:43,596 TWO WORLD WARS TOGETHER, 88 00:02:43,596 --> 00:02:44,597 THE BELGIAN GOVERNMENT 89 00:02:44,597 --> 00:02:45,932 PURCHASED THIS HOUSE 90 00:02:45,932 --> 00:02:47,166 AS A SYMBOL OF 91 00:02:47,166 --> 00:02:49,402 OUR FRIENDSHIP, AND AS A TOOL 92 00:02:49,402 --> 00:02:50,670 TO DEVELOP EVEN MORE 93 00:02:50,670 --> 00:02:53,139 THIS GREAT PARTNERSHIP. 94 00:02:53,139 --> 00:02:54,173 AS A CONSEQUENCE, 95 00:02:54,173 --> 00:02:55,675 MANY IMPORTANT PEOPLE 96 00:02:55,675 --> 00:02:57,877 HAVE BEEN HOSTED HERE: A KING 97 00:02:57,877 --> 00:02:59,345 AND QUEEN OF BELGIUM, 98 00:02:59,345 --> 00:03:01,114 OUR PRIME MINISTERS, 99 00:03:01,114 --> 00:03:04,050 HIGH RANKING U.S. OFFICIALS, 100 00:03:04,050 --> 00:03:06,586 SUPREME COURT JUSTICES-- 101 00:03:06,586 --> 00:03:08,421 YOU NAME IT-- A LOT OF 102 00:03:08,421 --> 00:03:10,590 VERY IMPORTANT PEOPLE. 103 00:03:10,590 --> 00:03:12,025 AND LIKE TODAY, WE HAVE 104 00:03:12,025 --> 00:03:13,593 THOSE WONDERFUL CHILDREN 105 00:03:13,593 --> 00:03:15,929 OF THE JANNEY ELEMENTARY 106 00:03:15,929 --> 00:03:17,330 SCHOOL OF WASHINGTON 107 00:03:17,330 --> 00:03:19,232 AS OUR SPECIAL GUESTS. 108 00:03:19,232 --> 00:03:19,933 >> NOW, THERE'S ALSO 109 00:03:19,933 --> 00:03:20,833 A FURRY RESIDENT 110 00:03:20,833 --> 00:03:22,101 THAT LIVES HERE, RIGHT? 111 00:03:22,101 --> 00:03:22,869 >> OH, YES. 112 00:03:22,869 --> 00:03:23,670 WE HAVE A DOG, 113 00:03:23,670 --> 00:03:25,972 AND HIS NAME IS CHILI. 114 00:03:25,972 --> 00:03:27,907 HE IS AN AUSTRALIAN SHEPHERD. 115 00:03:27,907 --> 00:03:29,475 HE'S SIX YEARS OLD. 116 00:03:29,475 --> 00:03:31,110 CHILI BELONGS TO A MEMBER 117 00:03:31,110 --> 00:03:33,479 OF OUR STAFF, AND HE LOVES 118 00:03:33,479 --> 00:03:35,448 TO KEEP AND PROTECT THIS HOUSE, 119 00:03:35,448 --> 00:03:38,184 AND HE'S PERFECTLY HAPPY HERE. 120 00:03:38,184 --> 00:03:39,385 >> AND AS YOU SAID, WE ARE 121 00:03:39,385 --> 00:03:41,421 JOINED BY JANNEY ELEMENTARY 122 00:03:41,421 --> 00:03:42,288 SCHOOL TODAY. 123 00:03:42,288 --> 00:03:43,089 THANK YOU SO MUCH 124 00:03:43,089 --> 00:03:44,991 FOR BEING HERE WITH US. 125 00:03:44,991 --> 00:03:46,593 THIS SCHOOL IS PART OF 126 00:03:46,593 --> 00:03:49,195 THE EMBASSY ADOPTION PROGRAM. 127 00:03:49,195 --> 00:03:50,029 >> I WANT TO REMIND EVERYBODY 128 00:03:50,029 --> 00:03:51,431 WATCHING ONLINE THAT YOU CAN 129 00:03:51,431 --> 00:03:53,066 SUBMIT QUESTIONS RIGHT NOW! 130 00:03:53,066 --> 00:03:54,500 WE HAVE AN EXPERT STANDING BY 131 00:03:54,500 --> 00:03:55,568 READY TO ANSWER THOSE, 132 00:03:55,568 --> 00:03:56,469 AND SOME OF THEM 133 00:03:56,469 --> 00:03:57,937 WE'LL ACTUALLY USE ON THE SHOW. 134 00:03:57,937 --> 00:03:59,272 YOU CAN SUBMIT THOSE QUESTIONS 135 00:03:59,272 --> 00:04:00,473 IN A VARIETY OF DIFFERENT 136 00:04:00,473 --> 00:04:02,342 WAYS, INCLUDING ON OUR WEBSITE, 137 00:04:02,342 --> 00:04:03,409 THROUGH FACEBOOK, 138 00:04:03,409 --> 00:04:04,577 THROUGH TWITTER, OR EVEN 139 00:04:04,577 --> 00:04:06,613 OLD-FASHIONED EMAIL. 140 00:04:06,613 --> 00:04:08,047 >> NOW, WE KNOW THAT THE ARTS 141 00:04:08,047 --> 00:04:08,982 ARE JUST AS IMPORTANT 142 00:04:08,982 --> 00:04:11,050 AS SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, 143 00:04:11,050 --> 00:04:12,285 ENGINEERING, AND MATH 144 00:04:12,285 --> 00:04:13,419 WHEN WE'RE TALKING ABOUT 145 00:04:13,419 --> 00:04:15,021 EDUCATION, BUT TODAY, 146 00:04:15,021 --> 00:04:17,457 WE ARE GOING TO FOCUS MORE SO 147 00:04:17,457 --> 00:04:19,459 ON ARTWORK FOR OUR LAST PROGRAM 148 00:04:19,459 --> 00:04:21,227 OF THE SCHOOL SEASON. 149 00:04:21,227 --> 00:04:21,961 >> WE'RE GOING TO TAKE 150 00:04:21,961 --> 00:04:23,229 A DEEP DIVE INTO THE HUMAN 151 00:04:23,229 --> 00:04:25,164 CONSEQUENCES OF WORLD WAR I. 152 00:04:25,164 --> 00:04:25,965 WE'RE GOING TO START TODAY 153 00:04:25,965 --> 00:04:26,866 WITH MY TRIP BACK TO 154 00:04:26,866 --> 00:04:27,867 KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI-- 155 00:04:27,867 --> 00:04:29,268 MY HOMETOWN-- AND THE NATIONAL 156 00:04:29,268 --> 00:04:30,503 WORLD WAR I MUSEUM 157 00:04:30,503 --> 00:04:31,404 AND MEMORIAL. 158 00:04:31,404 --> 00:04:32,238 WE'RE GOING TO HEAR ABOUT 159 00:04:32,238 --> 00:04:33,740 A SOLDIER THAT SERVED IN BOTH 160 00:04:33,740 --> 00:04:35,174 THE GERMAN AND THE AMERICAN 161 00:04:35,174 --> 00:04:37,677 ARMIES DURING THE GREAT WAR. 162 00:04:37,677 --> 00:04:38,378 WE'VE MOVED IN FRONT OF 163 00:04:38,378 --> 00:04:39,112 A COUPLE OF UNIFORMS 164 00:04:39,112 --> 00:04:40,647 THAT HAVE A REALLY COOL STORY. 165 00:04:40,647 --> 00:04:41,781 CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT THEM? 166 00:04:41,781 --> 00:04:43,049 >> YOU KNOW, ONE OF THE THINGS 167 00:04:43,049 --> 00:04:44,217 WHEN YOU GO TO ANY MUSEUM-- 168 00:04:44,217 --> 00:04:44,951 WHEN YOU START 169 00:04:44,951 --> 00:04:46,586 LOOKING AT THE THINGS, 170 00:04:46,586 --> 00:04:48,421 THE THINGS ARE A STORY. 171 00:04:48,421 --> 00:04:49,689 SOMEBODY TOUCHED IT, 172 00:04:49,689 --> 00:04:51,457 SOMEBODY-- WELL, IN THIS CASE, 173 00:04:51,457 --> 00:04:52,792 LIVED IN THESE UNIFORMS, 174 00:04:52,792 --> 00:04:54,227 AND IT WAS IN FACT THE EXACT 175 00:04:54,227 --> 00:04:56,963 SAME FELLOW, WHO WAS BORN 176 00:04:56,963 --> 00:04:59,499 IN DENMARK AND WAS DRAFTED 177 00:04:59,499 --> 00:05:00,566 INTO THE GERMAN ARMY. 178 00:05:00,566 --> 00:05:02,969 WHEN HIS OLDER BROTHER DIED, 179 00:05:02,969 --> 00:05:05,271 HE DECIDED TO LEAVE DENMARK, 180 00:05:05,271 --> 00:05:06,172 MANAGED TO MAKE HIS WAY 181 00:05:06,172 --> 00:05:07,840 TO THE UNITED STATES, 182 00:05:07,840 --> 00:05:09,342 WAS THEN DRAFTED INTO 183 00:05:09,342 --> 00:05:11,744 THE U.S. ARMY, SO HE SERVED 184 00:05:11,744 --> 00:05:14,547 FOR 18 MONTHS OVERSEAS 185 00:05:14,547 --> 00:05:16,816 FIGHTING FOR THE U.S. MILITARY. 186 00:05:16,816 --> 00:05:19,018 ALL THROUGHOUT THIS WAR, 187 00:05:19,018 --> 00:05:19,986 THERE ARE THESE AMAZING 188 00:05:19,986 --> 00:05:21,921 INDIVIDUAL STORIES THAT ARE 189 00:05:21,921 --> 00:05:25,458 COMPLEX, AND TALK OF HEROISM, 190 00:05:25,458 --> 00:05:26,859 AND SOMETIMES REALLY MUNDANE 191 00:05:26,859 --> 00:05:28,861 THINGS, BUT IT'S SO WORTH 192 00:05:28,861 --> 00:05:30,296 THE WHILE TO SLOW DOWN 193 00:05:30,296 --> 00:05:32,932 AND JUST FIND OUT A BIT MORE. 194 00:05:32,932 --> 00:05:34,701 >> SO THIS ONE GUY WORE 195 00:05:34,701 --> 00:05:36,169 BOTH OF THESE UNIFORMS-- 196 00:05:36,169 --> 00:05:37,303 FIRST FOR THE GERMAN ARMY, 197 00:05:37,303 --> 00:05:39,238 AND THEN FOR THE UNITED STATES? 198 00:05:39,238 --> 00:05:42,175 >> HE SURE DID. 199 00:05:42,175 --> 00:05:43,643 >> WE'VE MOVED TO THE LIBRARY, 200 00:05:43,643 --> 00:05:44,844 WHERE WE ARE NOW JOINED BY 201 00:05:44,844 --> 00:05:47,213 BELGIAN AMBASSADOR WOUTERS. 202 00:05:47,213 --> 00:05:48,081 AMBASSADOR, THANK YOU 203 00:05:48,081 --> 00:05:48,781 SO MUCH FOR HAVING US 204 00:05:48,781 --> 00:05:50,083 IN YOUR HOME TODAY. 205 00:05:50,083 --> 00:05:51,317 >> YOU'RE MOST WELCOME. 206 00:05:51,317 --> 00:05:52,051 >> DO YOU WANT TO TELL US 207 00:05:52,051 --> 00:05:53,086 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 208 00:05:53,086 --> 00:05:54,654 WHAT WAS HAPPENING IN BELGIUM 209 00:05:54,654 --> 00:05:56,923 DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR? 210 00:05:56,923 --> 00:05:57,724 >> YES. 211 00:05:57,724 --> 00:05:58,991 THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 212 00:05:58,991 --> 00:06:00,126 OR THE GREAT WAR, AS IT'S 213 00:06:00,126 --> 00:06:02,795 OFTEN CALLED, FOR BELGIUM WAS 214 00:06:02,795 --> 00:06:04,897 A SPECIAL EXPERIENCE, BECAUSE 215 00:06:04,897 --> 00:06:06,966 WHAT HAPPENED IN AUGUST 1914 216 00:06:06,966 --> 00:06:08,935 WAS THAT THE GERMAN TROOPS 217 00:06:08,935 --> 00:06:10,703 MARCHED INTO BELGIUM 218 00:06:10,703 --> 00:06:12,071 AND EXPECTED THAT BELGIUM 219 00:06:12,071 --> 00:06:13,673 WOULD NOT RESIST, WOULD NOT 220 00:06:13,673 --> 00:06:15,641 FIGHT BACK. 221 00:06:15,641 --> 00:06:17,243 WE HAD THE MISFORTUNE OF BEING 222 00:06:17,243 --> 00:06:19,011 ON THE ROUTE OF GERMANY 223 00:06:19,011 --> 00:06:21,447 IN THE DIRECTION OF FRANCE, 224 00:06:21,447 --> 00:06:22,882 THE IDEA BEING-- THE GERMAN 225 00:06:22,882 --> 00:06:24,784 IDEA BEING THAT THEY WOULD 226 00:06:24,784 --> 00:06:26,652 CONQUER FRANCE FAIRLY FAST. 227 00:06:26,652 --> 00:06:28,054 BUT THE BELGIAN GOVERNMENT 228 00:06:28,054 --> 00:06:29,489 DECIDED TO RESIST. 229 00:06:29,489 --> 00:06:30,590 THE RESULT IS THAT WE HAD 230 00:06:30,590 --> 00:06:31,924 A WAR FOR FOUR YEARS, 231 00:06:31,924 --> 00:06:34,227 UNTIL 1918, WHEN IT ENDED 232 00:06:34,227 --> 00:06:35,862 IN NOVEMBER. 233 00:06:35,862 --> 00:06:37,230 AND WE WERE OCCUPIED, 234 00:06:37,230 --> 00:06:38,598 SO IT WAS REALLY 235 00:06:38,598 --> 00:06:40,399 A VERY BLOODY WAR. 236 00:06:40,399 --> 00:06:42,602 AND EVENTUALLY, THANKS TO 237 00:06:42,602 --> 00:06:45,238 THE PARTICIPATION IN THE WAR 238 00:06:45,238 --> 00:06:47,073 OF VERY IMPORTANT ALLIES, 239 00:06:47,073 --> 00:06:48,574 LIKE THE UNITED STATES, 240 00:06:48,574 --> 00:06:50,009 LIKE THE UNITED KINGDOM, 241 00:06:50,009 --> 00:06:51,978 CANADA, AND MANY OTHERS, 242 00:06:51,978 --> 00:06:53,579 WE WERE LIBERATED. 243 00:06:53,579 --> 00:06:54,747 AND SO THAT WAS THE END 244 00:06:54,747 --> 00:06:55,581 OF THE OCCUPATION 245 00:06:55,581 --> 00:06:56,682 BY THE GERMAN ARMY 246 00:06:56,682 --> 00:06:58,417 OF THE TERRITORY OF BELGIUM. 247 00:06:58,417 --> 00:06:59,852 >> YEAH, THE UNITED STATES 248 00:06:59,852 --> 00:07:01,487 AND BELGIUM HAD A SPECIAL 249 00:07:01,487 --> 00:07:02,688 RELATIONSHIP THAT INVOLVED 250 00:07:02,688 --> 00:07:04,624 LACE MAKING DURING THE WAR. 251 00:07:04,624 --> 00:07:05,258 DO YOU WANT TO TELL US 252 00:07:05,258 --> 00:07:06,859 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THAT? 253 00:07:06,859 --> 00:07:08,161 >> THE LACE MAKING INDUSTRY 254 00:07:08,161 --> 00:07:09,929 IN BELGIUM WAS ALREADY 255 00:07:09,929 --> 00:07:12,098 RELAUNCHED BY THE VERY POPULAR 256 00:07:12,098 --> 00:07:13,366 QUEEN ELIZABETH BEFORE 257 00:07:13,366 --> 00:07:15,234 THE FIRST WORLD WAR. 258 00:07:15,234 --> 00:07:16,202 AND THEN, OF COURSE, 259 00:07:16,202 --> 00:07:18,171 THIS ACTIVITY, THIS CRAFT 260 00:07:18,171 --> 00:07:20,506 BECAME MORE INTENSE DURING 261 00:07:20,506 --> 00:07:22,041 THE WAR BECAUSE IT WAS 262 00:07:22,041 --> 00:07:24,610 NOT ONLY A MEANS OF SURVIVAL-- 263 00:07:24,610 --> 00:07:28,014 AND UP TO 60,000 FAMILIES WERE 264 00:07:28,014 --> 00:07:29,916 DEPENDENT ON THE PRODUCTION 265 00:07:29,916 --> 00:07:31,684 OF LACE, WHICH EVENTUALLY 266 00:07:31,684 --> 00:07:33,486 THEY SOLD TO THE AMERICAN 267 00:07:33,486 --> 00:07:37,223 FAMILIES AND INDIVIDUAL PERSONS, 268 00:07:37,223 --> 00:07:38,191 AND THAT'S WHY SO MANY LACE 269 00:07:38,191 --> 00:07:40,359 ENDED UP IN THE UNITED STATES. 270 00:07:40,359 --> 00:07:42,128 BUT IT WAS NOT JUST SURVIVAL 271 00:07:42,128 --> 00:07:44,030 FOR THEM, AND INCOME. 272 00:07:44,030 --> 00:07:47,066 IT WAS ALSO A WAY TO EXPRESS 273 00:07:47,066 --> 00:07:50,369 RESISTANCE TO THE GERMAN ARMY, 274 00:07:50,369 --> 00:07:51,270 WHO WAS OCCUPYING 275 00:07:51,270 --> 00:07:53,172 THE BELGIAN TERRITORY. 276 00:07:53,172 --> 00:07:54,040 >> THANK YOU SO MUCH, 277 00:07:54,040 --> 00:07:55,741 AMBASSADOR, FOR JOINING US. 278 00:07:55,741 --> 00:07:57,543 RECENTLY, WE HAD A WORKSHOP 279 00:07:57,543 --> 00:07:58,544 WHERE WE MADE POPPIES 280 00:07:58,544 --> 00:07:59,912 FROM LACE. 281 00:07:59,912 --> 00:08:01,013 NOW, POPPIES ARE A SYMBOL 282 00:08:01,013 --> 00:08:02,248 OF WORLD WAR I. 283 00:08:02,248 --> 00:08:03,049 LET'S SEE HOW 284 00:08:03,049 --> 00:08:04,550 THAT WORKSHOP WENT. 285 00:08:04,550 --> 00:08:07,286 ♪♪ 286 00:08:07,286 --> 00:08:08,487 >> WE'RE AT THE BELGIAN EMBASSY, 287 00:08:08,487 --> 00:08:09,522 JOINED BY THE CHESAPEAKE 288 00:08:09,522 --> 00:08:10,623 REGION LACE GUILD 289 00:08:10,623 --> 00:08:12,158 AND JANNEY ELEMENTARY SCHOOL. 290 00:08:12,158 --> 00:08:12,758 THANK YOU GUYS FOR 291 00:08:12,758 --> 00:08:13,860 JOINING US TODAY. 292 00:08:13,860 --> 00:08:15,394 >> all: YOU'RE WELCOME. 293 00:08:15,394 --> 00:08:16,128 >> WE'VE ALSO GOT 294 00:08:16,128 --> 00:08:17,096 KAREN THOMPSON, A VOLUNTEER 295 00:08:17,096 --> 00:08:17,964 AT THE NATIONAL MUSEUM 296 00:08:17,964 --> 00:08:18,865 OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 297 00:08:18,865 --> 00:08:19,498 KAREN, THANKS FOR 298 00:08:19,498 --> 00:08:20,399 TALKING WITH US. 299 00:08:20,399 --> 00:08:21,467 >> MY GREAT PLEASURE. 300 00:08:21,467 --> 00:08:22,034 >> WE'RE GOING TO BE MAKING 301 00:08:22,034 --> 00:08:22,635 SOME LACE. 302 00:08:22,635 --> 00:08:23,202 WHAT ARE THEY 303 00:08:23,202 --> 00:08:24,070 GOING TO BE DOING? 304 00:08:24,070 --> 00:08:25,004 >> TODAY WE ARE MAKING 305 00:08:25,004 --> 00:08:27,940 A POPPY, WHICH IS A SYMBOL 306 00:08:27,940 --> 00:08:30,576 FOR THE FALLEN IN WORLD WAR I. 307 00:08:30,576 --> 00:08:33,279 AND WE ARE TAKING 308 00:08:33,279 --> 00:08:35,414 TEN BOBBINS-- THESE LITTLE 309 00:08:35,414 --> 00:08:38,417 STICKS-- SOME THREAD, 310 00:08:38,417 --> 00:08:41,754 AND THE PATTERN, AND WEAVING 311 00:08:41,754 --> 00:08:43,589 THE THREADS TOGETHER TO MAKE 312 00:08:43,589 --> 00:08:44,891 A POPPY. 313 00:08:44,891 --> 00:08:45,758 >> KAREN, I DON'T THINK 314 00:08:45,758 --> 00:08:46,525 I'M COORDINATED ENOUGH 315 00:08:46,525 --> 00:08:47,693 TO DO THIS. 316 00:08:47,693 --> 00:08:48,928 >> WELL, I THINK YOU ARE. 317 00:08:48,928 --> 00:08:50,229 CAN YOU COUNT TO FOUR? 318 00:08:50,229 --> 00:08:51,030 >> UH, YEAH. 319 00:08:51,030 --> 00:08:51,831 >> OKAY. 320 00:08:51,831 --> 00:08:53,266 DO YOU KNOW RIGHT FROM LEFT? 321 00:08:53,266 --> 00:08:54,200 >> USUALLY. 322 00:08:54,200 --> 00:08:55,101 >> OKAY, WELL THAT WAY 323 00:08:55,101 --> 00:08:56,168 AND THAT WAY. 324 00:08:56,168 --> 00:08:58,104 OKAY, THEN YOU CAN MAKE LACE. 325 00:08:58,104 --> 00:08:58,871 >> WOW. 326 00:08:58,871 --> 00:09:00,006 WELL, IF I CAN MAKE LACE, 327 00:09:00,006 --> 00:09:01,707 YOU GUYS CAN MAKE LACE. 328 00:09:01,707 --> 00:09:07,580 ♪♪ 329 00:09:07,580 --> 00:09:08,814 >> SO IT'S TWO AND FOUR 330 00:09:08,814 --> 00:09:10,182 THAT GO LEFT. 331 00:09:10,182 --> 00:09:10,816 >> WHAT'S YOUR FAVORITE PART 332 00:09:10,816 --> 00:09:12,251 ABOUT IT? 333 00:09:12,251 --> 00:09:13,319 >> JUST THE PART WHERE 334 00:09:13,319 --> 00:09:16,389 IT'S MORE LIKE-- IT'S LIKE-- 335 00:09:16,389 --> 00:09:17,757 IT'S NOT LIKE THE THINGS 336 00:09:17,757 --> 00:09:20,793 I USUALLY DO WHERE I'M LIKE 337 00:09:20,793 --> 00:09:22,361 USING ALL MY BODY ENERGY. 338 00:09:22,361 --> 00:09:23,596 THIS IS LIKE-- IT'S USING 339 00:09:23,596 --> 00:09:25,731 LIKE MY BRAIN MORE THAN 340 00:09:25,731 --> 00:09:28,768 MY BODY ENERGY. 341 00:09:28,768 --> 00:09:30,169 ♪♪ 342 00:09:30,169 --> 00:09:31,470 >> OH, LOOK AT THAT. 343 00:09:31,470 --> 00:09:32,805 SEE, IT'S PULLING UP. 344 00:09:32,805 --> 00:09:33,539 >> WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT 345 00:09:33,539 --> 00:09:34,340 LACE MAKING? 346 00:09:34,340 --> 00:09:36,042 >> IT'S REALLY FUN. 347 00:09:36,042 --> 00:09:37,076 IT'S NOT BORING, BUT 348 00:09:37,076 --> 00:09:38,744 AT THE SAME TIME, 349 00:09:38,744 --> 00:09:40,780 IT'S KIND OF CALM. 350 00:09:40,780 --> 00:09:41,447 >> I THOUGHT IT WAS 351 00:09:41,447 --> 00:09:42,214 A LOT OF FUN. 352 00:09:42,214 --> 00:09:43,382 AT FIRST IT WAS A LITTLE BIT 353 00:09:43,382 --> 00:09:45,651 HARD, BUT THEN ONCE YOU GOT 354 00:09:45,651 --> 00:09:46,752 THE ROUTINE, IT WAS 355 00:09:46,752 --> 00:09:47,753 A LITTLE BIT EASIER, 356 00:09:47,753 --> 00:09:49,855 AND I REALLY ENJOYED IT. 357 00:09:49,855 --> 00:09:50,756 >> WELL, I'VE GOT TO TELL YOU, 358 00:09:50,756 --> 00:09:51,857 I'M SUPER PROUD OF THIS ONE. 359 00:09:51,857 --> 00:09:53,092 I DIDN'T MAKE IT, BECAUSE 360 00:09:53,092 --> 00:09:54,560 I DON'T POSSESS THAT ABILITY, 361 00:09:54,560 --> 00:09:55,728 BUT I'M GOING TO TAKE IT HOME 362 00:09:55,728 --> 00:09:56,562 AND GIVE IT TO MY MOM. 363 00:09:56,562 --> 00:09:57,263 YOU GUYS DID 364 00:09:57,263 --> 00:09:58,164 A GREAT JOB TODAY. 365 00:09:58,164 --> 00:09:59,432 NICE WORK. 366 00:09:59,432 --> 00:10:00,700 >> all: THANK YOU. 367 00:10:00,700 --> 00:10:03,803 [ APPLAUSE ] 368 00:10:03,803 --> 00:10:04,437 >> MOM, IF YOU GOT 369 00:10:04,437 --> 00:10:05,204 THE LETTER I SENT, GO AHEAD 370 00:10:05,204 --> 00:10:06,272 AND OPEN IT NOW. 371 00:10:06,272 --> 00:10:07,173 WE ARE JOINED BY 372 00:10:07,173 --> 00:10:08,307 DR. PETER JAKAB, CHIEF 373 00:10:08,307 --> 00:10:09,208 CURATOR AT THE NATIONAL 374 00:10:09,208 --> 00:10:10,409 AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM. 375 00:10:10,409 --> 00:10:11,377 PETER, WE'VE GOT A GREAT 376 00:10:11,377 --> 00:10:12,511 ART GALLERY THAT JUST OPENED 377 00:10:12,511 --> 00:10:13,946 THAT REALLY LOOKS AT THE HUMAN 378 00:10:13,946 --> 00:10:15,348 IMPACT OF WORLD WAR I. 379 00:10:15,348 --> 00:10:16,649 CAN YOU TELL US ABOUT IT? 380 00:10:16,649 --> 00:10:17,450 >> YES, IT'S CALLED 381 00:10:17,450 --> 00:10:18,718 "ARTIST SOLDIERS: ARTISTIC 382 00:10:18,718 --> 00:10:19,518 "EXPRESSION DURING 383 00:10:19,518 --> 00:10:20,853 "THE FIRST WORLD WAR." 384 00:10:20,853 --> 00:10:22,154 AND IT LOOKS AT ARTWORK 385 00:10:22,154 --> 00:10:24,223 CREATED BY ARTISTS WHO BECAME 386 00:10:24,223 --> 00:10:25,358 SOLDIERS AND SOLDIERS 387 00:10:25,358 --> 00:10:26,759 WHO BECAME ARTISTS. 388 00:10:26,759 --> 00:10:28,160 BEFORE WORLD WAR I, MOST 389 00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:29,795 WAR ART WAS HEROIC 390 00:10:29,795 --> 00:10:31,497 PAINTINGS TAKEN-- DONE 391 00:10:31,497 --> 00:10:33,132 WELL AFTER THE BATTLE, 392 00:10:33,132 --> 00:10:34,400 OFF THE BATTLEFIELD. 393 00:10:34,400 --> 00:10:35,234 BUT FOR THE FIRST TIME 394 00:10:35,234 --> 00:10:36,369 IN WORLD WAR I, WE HAD 395 00:10:36,369 --> 00:10:37,536 TRUE COMBAT ARTISTS, 396 00:10:37,536 --> 00:10:38,371 AND ARTISTS WHO WERE 397 00:10:38,371 --> 00:10:39,972 CAPTURING THE EXPERIENCES 398 00:10:39,972 --> 00:10:41,407 OF THE SOLDIERS IN THE MOMENT 399 00:10:41,407 --> 00:10:42,408 AS IT WAS HAPPENING. 400 00:10:42,408 --> 00:10:43,042 >> SO THAT WAS 401 00:10:43,042 --> 00:10:44,076 THEIR SPECIFIC JOB-- TO GO 402 00:10:44,076 --> 00:10:45,644 TO THE BATTLEFIELDS AND CAPTURE 403 00:10:45,644 --> 00:10:47,813 THOSE IMAGES THROUGH PAINTING? 404 00:10:47,813 --> 00:10:48,681 >> ABSOLUTELY. 405 00:10:48,681 --> 00:10:49,315 >> WOW. 406 00:10:49,315 --> 00:10:50,649 SO WHO WERE THOSE ARTISTS? 407 00:10:50,649 --> 00:10:51,384 >> THERE WERE EIGHT 408 00:10:51,384 --> 00:10:53,886 PROFESSIONAL ARTISTS THAT WERE 409 00:10:53,886 --> 00:10:55,187 COMMISSIONED AS CAPTAINS 410 00:10:55,187 --> 00:10:56,455 IN THE AMERICAN ARMY, 411 00:10:56,455 --> 00:10:57,223 AND THEY WERE SENT OVER 412 00:10:57,223 --> 00:10:58,524 WITH THE AMERICAN TROOPS 413 00:10:58,524 --> 00:10:59,925 IN 1918. 414 00:10:59,925 --> 00:11:01,327 AND THEY HAD FREE REIGN 415 00:11:01,327 --> 00:11:02,962 TO COVER WHAT WAS GOING ON 416 00:11:02,962 --> 00:11:04,163 NOT ONLY ON THE BATTLEFIELD, 417 00:11:04,163 --> 00:11:05,197 BUT BEHIND THE LINES, 418 00:11:05,197 --> 00:11:06,499 AND JUST CAPTURE THE GENERAL 419 00:11:06,499 --> 00:11:08,000 EXPERIENCE THAT ALL THE AMERICAN 420 00:11:08,000 --> 00:11:09,101 SOLDIERS WERE HAVING. 421 00:11:09,101 --> 00:11:09,668 >> WOW. 422 00:11:09,668 --> 00:11:10,302 IS THERE ONE PAINTING 423 00:11:10,302 --> 00:11:10,903 THAT MAYBE KIND OF TELLS 424 00:11:10,903 --> 00:11:11,837 THIS STORY? 425 00:11:11,837 --> 00:11:13,005 >> WELL, THERE'S MORE THAN 426 00:11:13,005 --> 00:11:14,607 50 PAINTINGS IN THE EXHIBITION. 427 00:11:14,607 --> 00:11:16,042 ONE THAT'S VERY POWERFUL 428 00:11:16,042 --> 00:11:17,443 IS CALLED "ON THE WIRE," 429 00:11:17,443 --> 00:11:18,978 AND IT SHOWS TWO SOLDIERS 430 00:11:18,978 --> 00:11:20,913 CARRYING A FALLEN COMRADE 431 00:11:20,913 --> 00:11:21,781 ON A STRETCHER. 432 00:11:21,781 --> 00:11:23,049 BUT YOU REALLY CAN SEE 433 00:11:23,049 --> 00:11:24,617 THE REALITY OF THE WAR HERE: 434 00:11:24,617 --> 00:11:26,585 THE FATIGUE, AND THE LONELINESS 435 00:11:26,585 --> 00:11:27,353 THAT THE SOLDIERS WERE 436 00:11:27,353 --> 00:11:29,155 EXPRESSING, AND IT REALLY 437 00:11:29,155 --> 00:11:30,589 GIVES A MUCH MORE POWERFUL 438 00:11:30,589 --> 00:11:32,758 IMPRESSION OF THE WAR THAN 439 00:11:32,758 --> 00:11:34,326 EARLIER TYPES OF ART 440 00:11:34,326 --> 00:11:35,428 THAT COVERED WAR. 441 00:11:35,428 --> 00:11:36,095 >> NOW, THERE WERE 442 00:11:36,095 --> 00:11:36,929 PHOTOGRAPHS, BUT 443 00:11:36,929 --> 00:11:38,097 THE PAINTINGS SEEM TO CONVEY 444 00:11:38,097 --> 00:11:39,231 A LOT MORE EMOTION. 445 00:11:39,231 --> 00:11:39,832 >> WELL, OF COURSE, 446 00:11:39,832 --> 00:11:42,134 PHOTOGRAPHY WAS-- EXISTED 447 00:11:42,134 --> 00:11:43,402 AT THAT TIME, AND THERE'S A LOT 448 00:11:43,402 --> 00:11:44,904 OF PHOTOGRAPHS THAT CAPTURE 449 00:11:44,904 --> 00:11:46,372 THE WAR IN DETAIL. 450 00:11:46,372 --> 00:11:47,840 BUT THROUGH ART, YOU REALLY 451 00:11:47,840 --> 00:11:49,175 CAN SEE MORE OF THE EMOTIONAL 452 00:11:49,175 --> 00:11:51,010 EXPERIENCE, THE PERSONAL 453 00:11:51,010 --> 00:11:52,711 FEELINGS THAT ARE EXPRESSED 454 00:11:52,711 --> 00:11:54,080 BY THE SOLDIERS, THAN YOU CAN 455 00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:54,780 IN PHOTOGRAPHY. 456 00:11:54,780 --> 00:11:55,314 SO THEY WORK 457 00:11:55,314 --> 00:11:56,215 VERY WELL TOGETHER. 458 00:11:56,215 --> 00:11:56,849 >> NOW, IN THIS GALLERY, 459 00:11:56,849 --> 00:11:58,417 THERE ARE SOME PHOTOGRAPHS, 460 00:11:58,417 --> 00:11:59,118 BUT THEY'RE MODERN DAY 461 00:11:59,118 --> 00:12:00,419 PHOTOGRAPHS TAKEN OF THINGS 462 00:12:00,419 --> 00:12:01,720 THAT WERE DONE BACK THEN? 463 00:12:01,720 --> 00:12:03,923 >> YES, THE-- WORLD WAR I 464 00:12:03,923 --> 00:12:05,558 WAS KNOWN FOR TRENCH WARFARE. 465 00:12:05,558 --> 00:12:07,726 THAT WAS THE-- WHAT IT WAS 466 00:12:07,726 --> 00:12:08,861 MOST KNOWN FOR. 467 00:12:08,861 --> 00:12:09,862 BUT NEXT TO THE TRENCHES WERE 468 00:12:09,862 --> 00:12:11,197 THESE UNDERGROUND SPACES. 469 00:12:11,197 --> 00:12:12,465 THEY WERE STONE QUARRIES 470 00:12:12,465 --> 00:12:13,399 THAT HAD BEEN USED FOR 471 00:12:13,399 --> 00:12:14,433 CASTLES AND CATHEDRALS 472 00:12:14,433 --> 00:12:15,468 FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS. 473 00:12:15,468 --> 00:12:16,302 AND DURING THE WAR, 474 00:12:16,302 --> 00:12:17,069 THEY WERE SHELTERS. 475 00:12:17,069 --> 00:12:17,803 THEY WERE PLACES THAT 476 00:12:17,803 --> 00:12:18,704 THE SOLDIERS TOOK REFUGE 477 00:12:18,704 --> 00:12:19,905 DURING THE BATTLES. 478 00:12:19,905 --> 00:12:21,073 BUT REMEMBER, THEY'RE STONE 479 00:12:21,073 --> 00:12:22,208 QUARRIES, SO THE WALLS, 480 00:12:22,208 --> 00:12:23,175 THE CEILINGS, THE FLOOR 481 00:12:23,175 --> 00:12:24,076 ARE ALL STONE. 482 00:12:24,076 --> 00:12:25,177 AND SOLDIERS DID CARVINGS 483 00:12:25,177 --> 00:12:26,378 ON THESE WALLS. 484 00:12:26,378 --> 00:12:27,480 SOME OF THEM WERE SIMPLE, 485 00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:28,581 JUST A NAME AND A PLACE. 486 00:12:28,581 --> 00:12:29,281 BUT OTHERS WERE 487 00:12:29,281 --> 00:12:30,149 QUITE ELABORATE. 488 00:12:30,149 --> 00:12:31,250 EVEN RELIGIOUS ALTARS WERE 489 00:12:31,250 --> 00:12:32,318 CARVED IN THE STONE, 490 00:12:32,318 --> 00:12:33,486 AND SOLDIERS WOULD GO THERE 491 00:12:33,486 --> 00:12:34,753 AND PRAY BEFORE THEY WENT 492 00:12:34,753 --> 00:12:35,654 INTO THE BATTLE. 493 00:12:35,654 --> 00:12:36,255 >> WOW. 494 00:12:36,255 --> 00:12:36,989 AND THE PHOTOGRAPHY IS 495 00:12:36,989 --> 00:12:38,224 ABSOLUTELY AMAZING. 496 00:12:38,224 --> 00:12:39,492 IF YOU GET A CHANCE TO STOP BY 497 00:12:39,492 --> 00:12:40,493 THE MUSEUM IN DOWNTOWN 498 00:12:40,493 --> 00:12:41,760 WASHINGTON, D.C., MAKE SURE 499 00:12:41,760 --> 00:12:43,062 YOU SEE THE ART GALLERY. 500 00:12:43,062 --> 00:12:43,963 AND IF YOU CAN'T MAKE IT 501 00:12:43,963 --> 00:12:45,097 THERE, THERE'S A GREAT ONLINE 502 00:12:45,097 --> 00:12:45,898 COMPONENT THAT YOU CAN 503 00:12:45,898 --> 00:12:47,099 CHECK OUT AS WELL. 504 00:12:47,099 --> 00:12:48,801 NOW, LET'S MOVE ON TO A FEW 505 00:12:48,801 --> 00:12:49,969 MORE OF THE LETTERS THAT WERE 506 00:12:49,969 --> 00:12:50,736 WRITTEN BY BELGIAN 507 00:12:50,736 --> 00:12:51,770 SCHOOLCHILDREN DURING 508 00:12:51,770 --> 00:12:53,506 WORLD WAR I. 509 00:12:53,506 --> 00:12:54,440 >> THE WORDS OF 510 00:12:54,440 --> 00:12:56,342 SUFFERING BELGIANS. 511 00:12:56,342 --> 00:12:59,712 >> [ SPEAKING FRENCH ]. 512 00:13:01,580 --> 00:13:02,615 >> RUINS... 513 00:13:02,615 --> 00:13:03,516 BLOODY MORNING... 514 00:13:03,516 --> 00:13:05,151 IRREPARABLE LOSSES. 515 00:13:05,151 --> 00:13:06,152 YET, WE HAVE A FAIR IDEA 516 00:13:06,152 --> 00:13:07,353 OF THESE MISERIES DUE TO 517 00:13:07,353 --> 00:13:08,621 THE SADNESS THAT IS 518 00:13:08,621 --> 00:13:10,356 SO TANGIBLE AROUND US. 519 00:13:10,356 --> 00:13:12,024 THE RED EYES OF MOTHERS. 520 00:13:12,024 --> 00:13:12,725 THE FEELING THAT SOMETHING 521 00:13:12,725 --> 00:13:15,861 IS NOT QUITE RIGHT AT HOME. 522 00:13:15,861 --> 00:13:19,131 >> [ SPEAKING FRENCH ]. 523 00:13:28,474 --> 00:13:29,508 >> IN WINTER, WE WORE 524 00:13:29,508 --> 00:13:31,377 THE WARM CLOTHES YOU SENT US 525 00:13:31,377 --> 00:13:33,012 WITH GREAT PRIDE. 526 00:13:33,012 --> 00:13:34,980 WE WERE GIVEN TOYS, BEAUTIFUL 527 00:13:34,980 --> 00:13:37,049 BRIGHT RED APPLES, CANDY 528 00:13:37,049 --> 00:13:39,118 SENT TO US BY YOUNG AMERICAN 529 00:13:39,118 --> 00:13:41,320 GIRLS WHO HAD SAVED THEM 530 00:13:41,320 --> 00:13:45,090 ESPECIALLY FOR US. 531 00:13:45,090 --> 00:13:45,624 >> PETER, ARE YOU READY 532 00:13:45,624 --> 00:13:46,325 FOR SOME QUESTIONS? 533 00:13:46,325 --> 00:13:46,959 >> SURE. 534 00:13:46,959 --> 00:13:47,493 >> ALL RIGHT, LET'S START 535 00:13:47,493 --> 00:13:48,861 WITH A VIDEO QUESTION. 536 00:13:48,861 --> 00:13:50,095 >> I'M ALICE, AND I WAS 537 00:13:50,095 --> 00:13:51,830 WONDERING: WHAT CAN WE LEARN 538 00:13:51,830 --> 00:13:53,165 BY LOOKING AT OLD PICTURES 539 00:13:53,165 --> 00:13:55,100 AND LETTERS? 540 00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:55,768 >> WELL, OLD PICTURES 541 00:13:55,768 --> 00:13:56,502 AND LETTERS ARE 542 00:13:56,502 --> 00:13:57,503 THE STUFF OF HISTORY. 543 00:13:57,503 --> 00:13:58,537 THOSE ARE PART OF THE RECORDS 544 00:13:58,537 --> 00:13:59,538 THAT WE HAVE THAT TELL US 545 00:13:59,538 --> 00:14:00,573 WHAT THE STORY WAS LIKE 546 00:14:00,573 --> 00:14:02,341 FOR PEOPLE IN THE PAST. 547 00:14:02,341 --> 00:14:03,242 YOU KNOW, THERE'S A FAMOUS 548 00:14:03,242 --> 00:14:05,311 HISTORIAN WHO SAID, "THE PAST 549 00:14:05,311 --> 00:14:06,345 "IS LIKE A DIFFERENT COUNTRY: 550 00:14:06,345 --> 00:14:07,046 "THEY DO THINGS 551 00:14:07,046 --> 00:14:08,180 "DIFFERENTLY THERE." 552 00:14:08,180 --> 00:14:09,481 AND THAT'S WHAT WE LEARN WHEN 553 00:14:09,481 --> 00:14:10,516 WE LOOK AT OLD PHOTOGRAPHS, 554 00:14:10,516 --> 00:14:12,117 LETTERS, OTHER MATERIALS. 555 00:14:12,117 --> 00:14:13,319 IT TELLS US WHAT LIFE WAS LIKE 556 00:14:13,319 --> 00:14:14,186 IN A DIFFERENT TIME, 557 00:14:14,186 --> 00:14:14,954 JUST LIKE LIFE IN 558 00:14:14,954 --> 00:14:16,055 A DIFFERENT PLACE. 559 00:14:16,055 --> 00:14:16,822 >> PRIMARY SOURCES. 560 00:14:16,822 --> 00:14:17,623 >> ABSOLUTELY. 561 00:14:17,623 --> 00:14:18,490 >> ALL RIGHT, WE'VE GOT 562 00:14:18,490 --> 00:14:19,558 A STUDENT CORRESPONDENT 563 00:14:19,558 --> 00:14:20,659 IN THE AUDIENCE. 564 00:14:20,659 --> 00:14:21,527 DO YOU GUYS HAVE 565 00:14:21,527 --> 00:14:22,795 SOME QUESTIONS? 566 00:14:22,795 --> 00:14:23,562 >> YES, WE HAVE ONE 567 00:14:23,562 --> 00:14:24,897 FROM ANNIE. 568 00:14:24,897 --> 00:14:25,831 >> HOW MANY ADVANCES 569 00:14:25,831 --> 00:14:27,032 DID AIRPLANES MAKE 570 00:14:27,032 --> 00:14:29,935 BETWEEN 1903 AND 1914? 571 00:14:29,935 --> 00:14:31,470 >> WELL, WORLD WAR I STARTED 572 00:14:31,470 --> 00:14:33,038 IN 1914, AND IT WAS JUST 573 00:14:33,038 --> 00:14:33,939 TEN YEARS AFTER 574 00:14:33,939 --> 00:14:34,807 THE WRIGHT BROTHERS MADE 575 00:14:34,807 --> 00:14:35,808 THE FIRST AIRPLANE FLIGHTS 576 00:14:35,808 --> 00:14:38,310 IN 1903, LATE 1903. 577 00:14:38,310 --> 00:14:40,212 I ALWAYS KIND OF JOKE THAT 578 00:14:40,212 --> 00:14:41,313 WHEN WORLD WAR I STARTED, 579 00:14:41,313 --> 00:14:42,081 THERE WERE ONLY TWO KINDS 580 00:14:42,081 --> 00:14:43,515 OF AIRPLANES: ONES THAT FLEW, 581 00:14:43,515 --> 00:14:44,717 AND ONES THAT DIDN'T. 582 00:14:44,717 --> 00:14:46,018 BUT BY THE END OF THE WAR 583 00:14:46,018 --> 00:14:47,319 IN 1918, THERE WAS A LOT 584 00:14:47,319 --> 00:14:48,854 OF ADVANCES IN THE TECHNOLOGY, 585 00:14:48,854 --> 00:14:50,122 AND WERE AIRPLANES 586 00:14:50,122 --> 00:14:51,090 FOR SPECIAL MISSIONS, 587 00:14:51,090 --> 00:14:52,424 FIGHTER PLANES, BOMBERS, 588 00:14:52,424 --> 00:14:53,592 RECONNAISSANCE AIRPLANES. 589 00:14:53,592 --> 00:14:54,760 SO THE AIRPLANE REALLY 590 00:14:54,760 --> 00:14:55,628 ADVANCED A GREAT DEAL 591 00:14:55,628 --> 00:14:56,962 IN THOSE FOUR SHORT YEARS. 592 00:14:56,962 --> 00:14:57,563 >> OKAY. 593 00:14:57,563 --> 00:14:58,297 LET'S GO TO AN ONLINE 594 00:14:58,297 --> 00:14:59,865 QUESTION NEXT. 595 00:14:59,865 --> 00:15:00,833 "WHEN THE SOLDIERS TOOK 596 00:15:00,833 --> 00:15:01,867 "PHOTOS, DID THEY DEVELOP 597 00:15:01,867 --> 00:15:02,868 "THE FILM THEMSELVES, 598 00:15:02,868 --> 00:15:03,769 "OR DID THEY HAVE TO WAIT 599 00:15:03,769 --> 00:15:05,337 "UNTIL THEY GOT BACK HOME?" 600 00:15:05,337 --> 00:15:06,171 >> WELL, THEY DIDN'T HAVE TO 601 00:15:06,171 --> 00:15:07,072 WAIT UNTIL THEY GOT BACK HOME, 602 00:15:07,072 --> 00:15:07,973 BUT IT WASN'T LIKE 603 00:15:07,973 --> 00:15:09,041 YOUR CAMERA TODAY WHERE 604 00:15:09,041 --> 00:15:09,975 YOU TAKE A PHOTO AND YOU CAN 605 00:15:09,975 --> 00:15:11,043 LOOK AT IT INSTANTLY. 606 00:15:11,043 --> 00:15:11,844 THEY DID HAVE LABS, 607 00:15:11,844 --> 00:15:12,945 PHOTO LABS, IN THE FIELD, 608 00:15:12,945 --> 00:15:14,613 SO THEY WERE ABLE TO DEVELOP 609 00:15:14,613 --> 00:15:15,447 THE FILM AND MAKE PICTURES 610 00:15:15,447 --> 00:15:16,782 IN THE FIELD. 611 00:15:16,782 --> 00:15:17,616 BUT IT DID TAKE 612 00:15:17,616 --> 00:15:18,384 A LITTLE WHILE. 613 00:15:18,384 --> 00:15:18,884 >> OKAY. 614 00:15:18,884 --> 00:15:19,518 LUCA, DO WE HAVE ANOTHER 615 00:15:19,518 --> 00:15:20,619 AUDIENCE QUESTION? 616 00:15:20,619 --> 00:15:21,487 >> YEAH, WE HAVE ONE 617 00:15:21,487 --> 00:15:22,621 FROM NADIA. 618 00:15:22,621 --> 00:15:23,722 >> HOW MANY PEOPLE COULD FIT 619 00:15:23,722 --> 00:15:25,190 ON THE AIR CRAFTS? 620 00:15:25,190 --> 00:15:26,058 >> WELL, IT DEPENDS ON 621 00:15:26,058 --> 00:15:27,459 THE TYPE OF AIRPLANE IT WAS. 622 00:15:27,459 --> 00:15:29,495 AS I MENTIONED, BY THE END OF 623 00:15:29,495 --> 00:15:30,462 THE WAR, YOU HAD ALL DIFFERENT 624 00:15:30,462 --> 00:15:31,297 TYPES OF AIRPLANES 625 00:15:31,297 --> 00:15:32,398 FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES. 626 00:15:32,398 --> 00:15:33,666 SO IF YOU HAD A FIGHTER PLANE, 627 00:15:33,666 --> 00:15:34,800 THAT WOULD JUST BE ONE PERSON, 628 00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:36,435 LIKE A MODERN COMBAT PLANE, 629 00:15:36,435 --> 00:15:37,870 BUT A BOMBER PLANE MIGHT HAVE 630 00:15:37,870 --> 00:15:38,804 SEVERAL PEOPLE ON IT. 631 00:15:38,804 --> 00:15:39,705 SO IT DEPENDED ON 632 00:15:39,705 --> 00:15:40,272 WHAT THE PURPOSE 633 00:15:40,272 --> 00:15:41,507 OF THE AIRPLANE WAS. 634 00:15:41,507 --> 00:15:42,041 >> OKAY. 635 00:15:42,041 --> 00:15:42,608 ALL RIGHT, LUCA, DO WE HAVE 636 00:15:42,608 --> 00:15:44,009 ANOTHER AUDIENCE QUESTION? 637 00:15:44,009 --> 00:15:45,844 >> YES, WE HAVE ONE FROM MARK. 638 00:15:45,844 --> 00:15:47,112 >> DID SMALLER ARMIES LIKE 639 00:15:47,112 --> 00:15:48,580 SERBIA AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 640 00:15:48,580 --> 00:15:50,082 HAVE PLANES? 641 00:15:50,082 --> 00:15:50,949 >> THAT'S THE THING, YOU KNOW. 642 00:15:50,949 --> 00:15:52,718 IT WAS WORLD WAR I. 643 00:15:52,718 --> 00:15:54,553 IT WAS THE FIRST WORLD WAR. 644 00:15:54,553 --> 00:15:55,554 SO MANY COUNTRIES WERE 645 00:15:55,554 --> 00:15:56,488 INVOLVED, NOT JUST 646 00:15:56,488 --> 00:15:57,389 THE GREAT POWERS THAT 647 00:15:57,389 --> 00:15:58,590 WE THINK OF LIKE FRANCE, 648 00:15:58,590 --> 00:15:59,892 GREAT BRITAIN, AND GERMANY, 649 00:15:59,892 --> 00:16:01,126 AND THE UNITED STATES. 650 00:16:01,126 --> 00:16:04,163 ON THE GERMAN SIDE, 651 00:16:04,163 --> 00:16:05,030 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY WAS 652 00:16:05,030 --> 00:16:05,998 THE OTHER MAJOR POWER, 653 00:16:05,998 --> 00:16:07,166 AND THEY DID HAVE AIRPLANES 654 00:16:07,166 --> 00:16:08,167 THAT THEY BUILT. 655 00:16:08,167 --> 00:16:08,901 BUT SOME OF THE SMALLER 656 00:16:08,901 --> 00:16:09,835 COUNTRIES USED AUSTRIAN 657 00:16:09,835 --> 00:16:11,570 AIRPLANES OR GERMAN AIRPLANES. 658 00:16:11,570 --> 00:16:12,171 >> OKAY. 659 00:16:12,171 --> 00:16:12,705 ALL RIGHT, LET'S GO TO 660 00:16:12,705 --> 00:16:14,306 AN ONLINE QUESTION NEXT. 661 00:16:14,306 --> 00:16:15,541 "HOW FAR AND LONG 662 00:16:15,541 --> 00:16:17,176 "COULD THE AIRPLANES TRAVEL?" 663 00:16:17,176 --> 00:16:18,610 >> WELL, AGAIN, 664 00:16:18,610 --> 00:16:19,678 AT THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR, 665 00:16:19,678 --> 00:16:21,080 AIRPLANES WERE VERY LOW 666 00:16:21,080 --> 00:16:22,281 PERFORMANCE, COULDN'T FLY 667 00:16:22,281 --> 00:16:23,582 VERY FAR OR VERY FAST. 668 00:16:23,582 --> 00:16:24,717 BUT BY THE END OF THE WAR, 669 00:16:24,717 --> 00:16:26,085 THEY COULD FLY GREAT DISTANCES 670 00:16:26,085 --> 00:16:26,852 AND STAY IN THE AIR 671 00:16:26,852 --> 00:16:27,853 FOR HOURS AT A TIME. 672 00:16:27,853 --> 00:16:28,954 SO TREMENDOUS ADVANCES 673 00:16:28,954 --> 00:16:29,655 IN THE PERFORMANCE 674 00:16:29,655 --> 00:16:30,789 OF THE AIRPLANES AS WELL. 675 00:16:30,789 --> 00:16:31,357 >> AWESOME. 676 00:16:31,357 --> 00:16:31,924 ALL RIGHT, WELL, LET'S 677 00:16:31,924 --> 00:16:32,658 GO BACK AND LOOK AT 678 00:16:32,658 --> 00:16:33,559 A FEW MORE OF THOSE LETTERS 679 00:16:33,559 --> 00:16:34,760 FROM BELGIAN SCHOOLCHILDREN 680 00:16:34,760 --> 00:16:35,661 TO THE UNITED STATES 681 00:16:35,661 --> 00:16:38,664 WRITTEN DURING WORLD WAR I. 682 00:16:38,664 --> 00:16:39,631 >> THE WORDS OF 683 00:16:39,631 --> 00:16:42,301 SUFFERING BELGIANS. 684 00:16:42,301 --> 00:16:46,171 >> [ SPEAKING FRENCH ]. 685 00:16:54,046 --> 00:16:55,447 >> WE ARE WRITING TO YOU 686 00:16:55,447 --> 00:16:56,882 NOT AS SCHOLARS, BUT AS 687 00:16:56,882 --> 00:16:58,083 YOUNG SCHOOLGIRLS WITH 688 00:16:58,083 --> 00:17:00,552 OVERFLOWING HEARTS, AND WHO, 689 00:17:00,552 --> 00:17:02,321 IN THEIR SIMPLE LANGUAGE, WILL 690 00:17:02,321 --> 00:17:04,990 ATTEMPT TO STUTTER SOME WORDS 691 00:17:04,990 --> 00:17:06,759 OF GRATEFUL AFFECTION. 692 00:17:06,759 --> 00:17:08,127 WHAT WE DO KNOW IS THAT 693 00:17:08,127 --> 00:17:10,496 IT'S THANKS TO GENEROUS AMERICA 694 00:17:10,496 --> 00:17:11,530 THAT WE STILL HAVE BREAD 695 00:17:11,530 --> 00:17:12,698 ON OUR TABLE... 696 00:17:12,698 --> 00:17:16,101 AND EVEN CANDY. 697 00:17:16,101 --> 00:17:16,735 >> WELL, I'VE GOT MY FRIENDS 698 00:17:16,735 --> 00:17:17,469 FROM JANNEY SCHOOL HERE, 699 00:17:17,469 --> 00:17:18,370 AND I'VE GOT A LITTLE 700 00:17:18,370 --> 00:17:19,171 CHALLENGE FOR YOU GUYS. 701 00:17:19,171 --> 00:17:20,305 I'M GOING TO TELL YOU A WORD, 702 00:17:20,305 --> 00:17:21,306 AND I WANT YOU TO GIVE ME 703 00:17:21,306 --> 00:17:22,341 ONE WORD BACK THAT 704 00:17:22,341 --> 00:17:23,542 YOU THINK OF WHEN YOU HEAR 705 00:17:23,542 --> 00:17:24,376 THAT WORD. 706 00:17:24,376 --> 00:17:25,344 YOU READY FOR THIS? 707 00:17:25,344 --> 00:17:25,944 ALL RIGHT, THE WORD 708 00:17:25,944 --> 00:17:26,745 IS ARTIFACT. 709 00:17:26,745 --> 00:17:27,613 WHAT COMES TO MIND 710 00:17:27,613 --> 00:17:28,247 WHEN YOU THINK OF 711 00:17:28,247 --> 00:17:29,448 THE WORD ARTIFACT? 712 00:17:31,183 --> 00:17:30,215 >> EXPENSIVE. 713 00:17:32,618 --> 00:17:31,850 >> SPECIAL. 714 00:17:34,353 --> 00:17:33,652 >> OLD. 715 00:17:34,353 --> 00:17:35,120 THOSE ARE REALLY INTERESTING 716 00:17:35,120 --> 00:17:36,789 WORDS, BUT THOSE MAYBE 717 00:17:36,789 --> 00:17:38,524 DON'T CAPTURE IT COMPLETELY. 718 00:17:38,524 --> 00:17:40,259 BETH, WHAT DO YOU THINK? 719 00:17:40,259 --> 00:17:41,427 >> YES, PETER, NOW, 720 00:17:41,427 --> 00:17:42,361 WHEN YOU PUT TOGETHER 721 00:17:42,361 --> 00:17:43,695 THE ARTIST SOLDERS EXHIBIT, 722 00:17:43,695 --> 00:17:44,696 YOU DIDN'T JUST PUT IN 723 00:17:44,696 --> 00:17:45,798 PAINTINGS AND DRAWINGS. 724 00:17:45,798 --> 00:17:47,566 YOU ACTUALLY PUT IN ARTIFACTS 725 00:17:47,566 --> 00:17:49,468 INTO THE GALLERY AS WELL. 726 00:17:49,468 --> 00:17:51,403 WHY DID YOU DECIDE TO DO THAT? 727 00:17:51,403 --> 00:17:52,304 >> WELL, OF COURSE, ARTIFACTS 728 00:17:52,304 --> 00:17:53,338 ARE THINGS PEOPLE MAKE, 729 00:17:53,338 --> 00:17:54,473 THINGS PEOPLE USE. 730 00:17:54,473 --> 00:17:55,274 THEY'RE THE STUFF THAT 731 00:17:55,274 --> 00:17:56,341 WE ALL LIVE WITH. 732 00:17:56,341 --> 00:17:58,243 AND OBJECTS THAT ARE FROM 733 00:17:58,243 --> 00:17:59,244 AN EARLIER TIME HELP US 734 00:17:59,244 --> 00:18:00,245 UNDERSTAND THE LIFE 735 00:18:00,245 --> 00:18:01,880 AND EXPERIENCES THAT PEOPLE HAD. 736 00:18:01,880 --> 00:18:03,282 FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE ARTIST 737 00:18:03,282 --> 00:18:04,483 SOLDIERS EXHIBIT, WE HAVE 738 00:18:04,483 --> 00:18:05,884 A WHEELCHAIR, AN ACTUAL 739 00:18:05,884 --> 00:18:06,752 WHEELCHAIR THAT WAS USED 740 00:18:06,752 --> 00:18:07,920 IN WORLD WAR I. 741 00:18:07,920 --> 00:18:08,987 AND THAT GIVES YOU A SENSE 742 00:18:08,987 --> 00:18:10,422 OF THE INDIVIDUAL STORIES 743 00:18:10,422 --> 00:18:11,390 THAT WERE TOLD. 744 00:18:11,390 --> 00:18:12,825 YOU KNOW, WE TEND TO THINK OF 745 00:18:12,825 --> 00:18:14,226 GREAT HISTORICAL EVENTS 746 00:18:14,226 --> 00:18:15,227 WHERE MILLIONS OF PEOPLE 747 00:18:15,227 --> 00:18:16,795 WERE INVOLVED, BUT THEY'RE ALL 748 00:18:16,795 --> 00:18:17,663 MADE UP BY INDIVIDUALS 749 00:18:17,663 --> 00:18:18,897 AND INDIVIDUAL STORIES. 750 00:18:18,897 --> 00:18:20,165 SO THE WHEELCHAIR GIVES US 751 00:18:20,165 --> 00:18:21,266 THAT IDEA THAT, WELL, 752 00:18:21,266 --> 00:18:22,701 HERE'S ONE PERSON'S STORY. 753 00:18:22,701 --> 00:18:25,737 >> NOW, THE SOLDIERS USED 754 00:18:25,737 --> 00:18:26,605 STUFF THAT THEY HAD AROUND, 755 00:18:26,605 --> 00:18:28,106 LIKE SHELL CASINGS, 756 00:18:28,106 --> 00:18:29,875 TO MAKE ART AS WELL. 757 00:18:29,875 --> 00:18:30,509 CAN YOU TELL US 758 00:18:30,509 --> 00:18:31,743 A LITTLE ABOUT THAT? 759 00:18:31,743 --> 00:18:32,644 >> YEAH, WE CALL THAT TRENCH 760 00:18:32,644 --> 00:18:34,012 ART BECAUSE DURING THE FIRST 761 00:18:34,012 --> 00:18:35,581 WORLD WAR, THAT REALLY 762 00:18:35,581 --> 00:18:36,615 INCREASED A LOT, WHERE 763 00:18:36,615 --> 00:18:38,050 SOLDIERS IN THEIR SPARE TIME 764 00:18:38,050 --> 00:18:39,718 WOULD USE THE EQUIPMENT 765 00:18:39,718 --> 00:18:40,886 THAT THEY HAD, AND WEAPONS 766 00:18:40,886 --> 00:18:42,488 AND SO FORTH, AND FASHION 767 00:18:42,488 --> 00:18:43,755 WORKS OF ART OR DECORATIVE 768 00:18:43,755 --> 00:18:44,890 PIECES OUT OF THAT. 769 00:18:44,890 --> 00:18:45,757 THEY WOULD MAKE VASES 770 00:18:45,757 --> 00:18:47,025 OUT OF SHELL CASINGS. 771 00:18:47,025 --> 00:18:48,160 ONE OF MY FAVORITES THAT 772 00:18:48,160 --> 00:18:49,261 WE HAVE IN THE EXHIBITION 773 00:18:49,261 --> 00:18:51,129 IS A LITTLE DOLLHOUSE SIZED 774 00:18:51,129 --> 00:18:52,831 TABLE AND CUPS THAT WAS MADE 775 00:18:52,831 --> 00:18:54,733 OUT OF THE CASINGS OF BULLETS, 776 00:18:54,733 --> 00:18:56,201 AND THE TABLE IS MADE OUT OF 777 00:18:56,201 --> 00:18:57,669 THE BOTTOM OF A LARGE SHELL. 778 00:18:57,669 --> 00:18:59,538 >> AND PROBABLY THAT SOLDIER 779 00:18:59,538 --> 00:19:02,040 NEVER THOUGHT THAT HIS LITTLE 780 00:19:02,040 --> 00:19:03,775 DOLLHOUSE SIZED TABLE AND CUPS 781 00:19:03,775 --> 00:19:05,210 WOULD BE IN A MUSEUM. 782 00:19:05,210 --> 00:19:05,944 >> WELL, WE COLLECT THINGS, 783 00:19:05,944 --> 00:19:07,112 AND AGAIN, IT TELLS US 784 00:19:07,112 --> 00:19:08,146 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT 785 00:19:08,146 --> 00:19:09,081 THE EXPERIENCE OF PEOPLE 786 00:19:09,081 --> 00:19:10,516 WHO LIVED IN ANOTHER TIME. 787 00:19:10,516 --> 00:19:12,050 >> NOW, OUR FRIENDS FROM 788 00:19:12,050 --> 00:19:13,585 THE JANNEY SCHOOL ACTUALLY 789 00:19:13,585 --> 00:19:14,653 BROUGHT IN SOME ARTIFACTS, 790 00:19:14,653 --> 00:19:15,454 AND MARTY, DO YOU WANT TO 791 00:19:15,454 --> 00:19:17,089 HAVE THEM TELL US 792 00:19:17,089 --> 00:19:18,724 A LITTLE BIT ABOUT THEM? 793 00:19:18,724 --> 00:19:19,424 >> SURE. 794 00:19:19,424 --> 00:19:20,125 SOFIA, YOU BROUGHT 795 00:19:20,125 --> 00:19:20,492 AN ARTIFACT IN. 796 00:19:20,492 --> 00:19:21,226 WHAT DID YOU BRING IN? 797 00:19:21,226 --> 00:19:22,060 HOLD IT UP HERE. 798 00:19:22,060 --> 00:19:23,529 >> I BROUGHT IN A BRACELET 799 00:19:23,529 --> 00:19:24,396 THAT'S MADE OUT OF 800 00:19:24,396 --> 00:19:25,831 DUTCH COINS. 801 00:19:25,831 --> 00:19:26,565 >> NOW, SOFIA, 802 00:19:26,565 --> 00:19:28,033 DOES THIS BRACELET KIND OF 803 00:19:28,033 --> 00:19:29,167 TELL YOUR STORY? 804 00:19:29,167 --> 00:19:29,968 >> YES. 805 00:19:29,968 --> 00:19:30,869 SO MY GREAT GRANDFATHER 806 00:19:30,869 --> 00:19:32,604 HELPED THIS DUTCH FAMILY 807 00:19:32,604 --> 00:19:34,840 IN WORLD WAR II. 808 00:19:34,840 --> 00:19:37,509 HE HELPED THEM STAY SAFE, 809 00:19:37,509 --> 00:19:38,911 AND HE GAVE THEM FOOD. 810 00:19:38,911 --> 00:19:40,579 AND AFTER THAT, THEY GAVE HIM 811 00:19:40,579 --> 00:19:41,713 A PRESENT THAT THEY MADE 812 00:19:41,713 --> 00:19:44,917 OUT OF THEIR COINS. 813 00:19:44,917 --> 00:19:46,218 AND NOW IT'S A DUTCH BRACELET 814 00:19:46,218 --> 00:19:47,386 THAT THEY MADE. 815 00:19:47,386 --> 00:19:47,986 >> WOW. 816 00:19:47,986 --> 00:19:48,720 I'LL BET THAT'S PRETTY SPECIAL 817 00:19:48,720 --> 00:19:49,354 TO YOU AND YOUR FAMILY, 818 00:19:49,354 --> 00:19:49,922 ISN'T IT? 819 00:19:49,922 --> 00:19:51,123 >> VERY, VERY SPECIAL. 820 00:19:51,123 --> 00:19:51,690 >> THAT'S COOL. 821 00:19:51,690 --> 00:19:52,991 I THINK THAT SHOWS THAT 822 00:19:52,991 --> 00:19:54,359 WE'RE ALL A PART OF HISTORY 823 00:19:54,359 --> 00:19:55,093 AND WE HAVE 824 00:19:55,093 --> 00:19:55,994 THAT STORY TO TELL. 825 00:19:55,994 --> 00:19:56,795 BETH? 826 00:19:56,795 --> 00:19:57,796 >> PETER, HOW DOES SOMETHING 827 00:19:57,796 --> 00:19:59,498 LIKE A BRACELET MADE OF COINS 828 00:19:59,498 --> 00:20:01,233 BECOME AN ARTIFACT? 829 00:20:01,233 --> 00:20:02,401 >> WELL, ARTIFACTS ARE THINGS 830 00:20:02,401 --> 00:20:03,735 THAT WE MAKE, THINGS THAT 831 00:20:03,735 --> 00:20:05,437 WE USE, THINGS THAT WE MAKE. 832 00:20:05,437 --> 00:20:07,306 AND THEY TELL OUR STORY, 833 00:20:07,306 --> 00:20:09,775 JUST LIKE A COUCH, OR A TABLE, 834 00:20:09,775 --> 00:20:11,376 OR A CHAIR THAT WE USE TODAY-- 835 00:20:11,376 --> 00:20:13,111 IF WE SAVE ONE FROM THE PAST, 836 00:20:13,111 --> 00:20:14,813 IT TELLS US A BIT HOW PEOPLE 837 00:20:14,813 --> 00:20:15,614 LIVED IN THE PAST WHEN 838 00:20:15,614 --> 00:20:16,415 THEY MAYBE USED DIFFERENT 839 00:20:16,415 --> 00:20:17,382 KINDS OF ARTIFACTS, 840 00:20:17,382 --> 00:20:18,617 DIFFERENT KINDS OF OBJECTS. 841 00:20:18,617 --> 00:20:19,618 >> AND HOW DOES THE MUSEUM 842 00:20:19,618 --> 00:20:20,552 DECIDE WHAT ARTIFACTS 843 00:20:20,552 --> 00:20:21,853 TO COLLECT? 844 00:20:21,853 --> 00:20:22,888 >> WELL, WE WANT TO MAKE SURE 845 00:20:22,888 --> 00:20:23,889 THAT WE HAVE OBJECTS THAT 846 00:20:23,889 --> 00:20:25,157 SUPPORT THE STORIES 847 00:20:25,157 --> 00:20:25,924 THAT WE TELL. 848 00:20:25,924 --> 00:20:27,092 IN THIS CASE, WE'RE TALKING 849 00:20:27,092 --> 00:20:28,026 ABOUT WORLD WAR I, 850 00:20:28,026 --> 00:20:29,294 WE'RE TALKING ABOUT HOW 851 00:20:29,294 --> 00:20:31,129 ARTISTS WERE INVOLVED IN 852 00:20:31,129 --> 00:20:32,297 TELLING THAT STORY. 853 00:20:32,297 --> 00:20:33,432 SO THE OBJECTS THAT WE HAVE, 854 00:20:33,432 --> 00:20:34,666 THE TRENCH ART OBJECTS, 855 00:20:34,666 --> 00:20:36,134 HELP TELL THAT STORY. 856 00:20:36,134 --> 00:20:37,502 >> OKAY, AND NOW LET'S 857 00:20:37,502 --> 00:20:38,637 GO AND TAKE A LOOK AT 858 00:20:38,637 --> 00:20:40,505 SOME OTHER PRIMARY SOURCES, 859 00:20:40,505 --> 00:20:41,940 SOME MORE LETTERS FROM 860 00:20:41,940 --> 00:20:45,043 BELGIAN SCHOOL CHILDREN. 861 00:20:45,043 --> 00:20:46,144 >> BELGIANS EXPRESS 862 00:20:46,144 --> 00:20:48,714 THEIR GRATITUDE. 863 00:20:48,714 --> 00:20:52,484 >> [ SPEAKING FRENCH ]. 864 00:20:56,021 --> 00:20:58,123 >> PLEASE ACCEPT OUR NOBLE 865 00:20:58,123 --> 00:21:00,058 BENEFACTOR'S HEARTFELT WISHES 866 00:21:00,058 --> 00:21:01,360 FOR PEACE, PROSPERITY, 867 00:21:01,360 --> 00:21:03,495 AND ENDLESS INDEPENDENCE. 868 00:21:03,495 --> 00:21:04,596 >> FOR MANY MONTHS, 869 00:21:04,596 --> 00:21:05,831 YOU HAVE HELPED US SURVIVE 870 00:21:05,831 --> 00:21:07,966 WITH TIRELESS DEDICATION. 871 00:21:07,966 --> 00:21:09,468 WITHOUT YOUR GENEROSITY, 872 00:21:09,468 --> 00:21:10,469 THE BELGIANS WOULD HAVE 873 00:21:10,469 --> 00:21:12,471 PERHAPS GONE HUNGRY. 874 00:21:12,471 --> 00:21:14,072 BUT A NOBLE HEART WAS SHOWN 875 00:21:14,072 --> 00:21:16,074 BY THOSE WHO PROVIDED 876 00:21:16,074 --> 00:21:19,144 FOR OUR NEEDS. 877 00:21:19,144 --> 00:21:19,678 >> PETER, DO YOU WANT 878 00:21:19,678 --> 00:21:20,779 TO TAKE SOME MORE QUESTIONS? 879 00:21:20,779 --> 00:21:21,546 >> SURE. 880 00:21:21,546 --> 00:21:22,347 >> LET'S START WITH 881 00:21:22,347 --> 00:21:24,282 A VIDEO QUESTION. 882 00:21:24,282 --> 00:21:25,784 >> HI, I'M LOUIS, 883 00:21:25,784 --> 00:21:26,485 AND I WAS WONDERING 884 00:21:26,485 --> 00:21:27,519 HOW MUSEUMS CHOOSE 885 00:21:27,519 --> 00:21:29,621 WHAT THEY PUT ON DISPLAY. 886 00:21:29,621 --> 00:21:30,389 >> WELL, WE PICK THINGS 887 00:21:30,389 --> 00:21:31,223 THAT TELL THE STORIES 888 00:21:31,223 --> 00:21:33,091 OF PEOPLE'S LIVES IN THE PAST. 889 00:21:33,091 --> 00:21:34,159 WE HAVE THINGS TODAY THAT 890 00:21:34,159 --> 00:21:36,428 WE WOULD SAVE THAT WE MAY HAVE 891 00:21:36,428 --> 00:21:37,896 A LITTLE BIT DIFFERENT THAN 892 00:21:37,896 --> 00:21:38,964 PEOPLE HAD IN THE PAST, 893 00:21:38,964 --> 00:21:40,666 BUT THE OLD THINGS TELL US 894 00:21:40,666 --> 00:21:41,566 WHAT THEIR LIVES WERE LIKE 895 00:21:41,566 --> 00:21:42,768 IN AN EARLIER TIME, 896 00:21:42,768 --> 00:21:43,402 AND THAT'S WHAT WE COLLECT 897 00:21:43,402 --> 00:21:44,469 IN THE MUSEUM. 898 00:21:44,469 --> 00:21:45,737 >> LET'S HAVE-- 899 00:21:45,737 --> 00:21:46,638 LUCA, DO WE HAVE 900 00:21:46,638 --> 00:21:48,106 AN AUDIENCE QUESTION? 901 00:21:48,106 --> 00:21:49,107 >> YEAH, WE HAVE ONE 902 00:21:49,107 --> 00:21:50,475 FROM MEREDITH. 903 00:21:50,475 --> 00:21:52,477 >> HOW BIG WERE THE AIRPLANES? 904 00:21:52,477 --> 00:21:53,578 >> WELL, AS I MENTIONED 905 00:21:53,578 --> 00:21:54,713 BEFORE, AT THE BEGINNING 906 00:21:54,713 --> 00:21:55,614 OF THE WAR, KIND OF 907 00:21:55,614 --> 00:21:56,348 ALL AIRPLANES WERE 908 00:21:56,348 --> 00:21:57,115 PRETTY SIMILAR. 909 00:21:57,115 --> 00:21:57,783 ONES THAT FLEW 910 00:21:57,783 --> 00:21:58,750 AND ONES THAT DIDN'T. 911 00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:00,085 BUT BY THE END OF THE WAR, 912 00:22:00,085 --> 00:22:01,453 THE TECHNOLOGY HAD EVOLVED 913 00:22:01,453 --> 00:22:02,354 SO MUCH THAT YOU HAD 914 00:22:02,354 --> 00:22:03,622 FIGHTER PLANES, YOU HAD 915 00:22:03,622 --> 00:22:04,589 BIG BOMBERS, YOU HAD 916 00:22:04,589 --> 00:22:05,791 RECONNAISSANCE PLANES. 917 00:22:05,791 --> 00:22:06,925 SO SOME OF THE AIRPLANES 918 00:22:06,925 --> 00:22:08,060 HAD WINGSPANS OF 919 00:22:08,060 --> 00:22:08,960 MORE THAN 100 FEET 920 00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:10,829 AND HAD MULTIPLE ENGINES. 921 00:22:10,829 --> 00:22:11,396 SO BY THE END OF THE WAR, 922 00:22:11,396 --> 00:22:12,397 THE TECHNOLOGY REALLY 923 00:22:12,397 --> 00:22:13,799 CHANGED A LOT. 924 00:22:13,799 --> 00:22:14,266 >> LET'S TAKE 925 00:22:14,266 --> 00:22:16,468 AN ONLINE QUESTION. 926 00:22:16,468 --> 00:22:18,837 "COULD SOLDIERS TAKE PHOTOS 927 00:22:18,837 --> 00:22:19,705 "FROM AIRPLANES 928 00:22:19,705 --> 00:22:21,239 "DURING WORLD WAR I?" 929 00:22:21,239 --> 00:22:21,940 >> THAT'S AN INTERESTING 930 00:22:21,940 --> 00:22:22,874 QUESTION, BECAUSE THAT WAS 931 00:22:22,874 --> 00:22:24,609 A VERY IMPORTANT ACTIVITY. 932 00:22:24,609 --> 00:22:26,311 ONE OF THE ACTIVITIES THAT WAS 933 00:22:26,311 --> 00:22:27,579 IMPORTANT WAS RECONNAISSANCE, 934 00:22:27,579 --> 00:22:28,680 OR OBSERVATIONS. 935 00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:29,314 YOU WANT TO KNOW 936 00:22:29,314 --> 00:22:30,515 WHAT THE OTHER SIDE IS DOING. 937 00:22:30,515 --> 00:22:31,416 AND AIRPLANES ALLOWED YOU 938 00:22:31,416 --> 00:22:32,250 TO DO THAT. 939 00:22:32,250 --> 00:22:33,385 SO CAMERAS WERE MOUNTED 940 00:22:33,385 --> 00:22:34,686 ON AIRPLANES, AND WE HAD 941 00:22:34,686 --> 00:22:36,021 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY THAT SHOWED 942 00:22:36,021 --> 00:22:36,955 WHERE THE TROOPS WERE, SHOWED 943 00:22:36,955 --> 00:22:38,090 WHERE THE TRENCHES WERE. 944 00:22:38,090 --> 00:22:39,091 AND YOU CAN ANALYZE THAT 945 00:22:39,091 --> 00:22:39,891 AND THEN DECIDE WHERE 946 00:22:39,891 --> 00:22:41,059 YOUR ATTACK WAS GOING TO BE. 947 00:22:41,059 --> 00:22:42,294 SO AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 948 00:22:42,294 --> 00:22:43,328 AND AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE 949 00:22:43,328 --> 00:22:44,296 WAS REALLY, REALLY IMPORTANT 950 00:22:44,296 --> 00:22:45,664 IN WORLD WAR I. 951 00:22:45,664 --> 00:22:46,565 >> LUCA, DO WE HAVE ANOTHER 952 00:22:46,565 --> 00:22:47,666 AUDIENCE QUESTION? 953 00:22:47,666 --> 00:22:48,500 >> YEAH, WE HAVE ONE 954 00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:49,868 FROM NINA. 955 00:22:49,868 --> 00:22:50,969 >> WERE THERE A LOT OF PLANES 956 00:22:50,969 --> 00:22:53,071 IN THE WAR? 957 00:22:53,071 --> 00:22:54,139 >> WELL, WHEN THE WAR BEGAN, 958 00:22:54,139 --> 00:22:55,774 MOST COUNTRIES ONLY HAD 959 00:22:55,774 --> 00:22:57,075 MAYBE A FEW DOZEN AIRPLANES. 960 00:22:57,075 --> 00:22:59,044 IT WAS A VERY SMALL INDUSTRY. 961 00:22:59,044 --> 00:23:00,011 BUT BY THE END OF THE WAR, 962 00:23:00,011 --> 00:23:00,812 THE INDUSTRY HAD GROWN 963 00:23:00,812 --> 00:23:01,813 TREMENDOUSLY, AND THERE WERE 964 00:23:01,813 --> 00:23:04,316 THOUSANDS OF AIRPLANES BUILT. 965 00:23:04,316 --> 00:23:05,083 >> DO WE HAVE ANOTHER 966 00:23:05,083 --> 00:23:06,218 AUDIENCE QUESTION, LUCA? 967 00:23:06,218 --> 00:23:06,885 >> YEAH, WE HAVE ONE 968 00:23:06,885 --> 00:23:07,853 FROM SOFIA. 969 00:23:07,853 --> 00:23:09,187 >> UM, WERE THERE SPIES 970 00:23:09,187 --> 00:23:10,889 IN WORLD WAR I? 971 00:23:10,889 --> 00:23:11,523 >> AH! 972 00:23:11,523 --> 00:23:13,525 THERE WERE SPIES IN EVERY WAR. 973 00:23:13,525 --> 00:23:14,392 THAT'S A COMMON THING, 974 00:23:14,392 --> 00:23:15,193 ALL THE WAY BACK 975 00:23:15,193 --> 00:23:16,394 TO ANCIENT TIMES. 976 00:23:16,394 --> 00:23:17,329 THE IDEA OF TRYING TO 977 00:23:17,329 --> 00:23:19,030 FIGURE OUT, "WHAT IS THE OTHER 978 00:23:19,030 --> 00:23:20,065 "SIDE TRYING TO DO?" 979 00:23:20,065 --> 00:23:21,199 HAS ALWAYS BEEN AN IMPORTANT 980 00:23:21,199 --> 00:23:23,034 PART OF FIGHTING A WAR. 981 00:23:23,034 --> 00:23:24,903 SO YEP, THERE WERE SPIES THEN, 982 00:23:24,903 --> 00:23:27,372 AND THERE'S SPIES TODAY. 983 00:23:27,372 --> 00:23:28,406 >> LET'S TAKE 984 00:23:28,406 --> 00:23:30,342 AN ONLINE QUESTION. 985 00:23:30,342 --> 00:23:31,910 "DID THE PLANES 986 00:23:31,910 --> 00:23:33,612 "HAVE PARACHUTES?" 987 00:23:33,612 --> 00:23:34,646 >> PARACHUTES WERE INVENTED 988 00:23:34,646 --> 00:23:35,580 DURING WORLD WAR I, 989 00:23:35,580 --> 00:23:36,748 BUT THEY REALLY WEREN'T USED 990 00:23:36,748 --> 00:23:37,582 VERY MUCH BECAUSE 991 00:23:37,582 --> 00:23:39,217 THEY WERE BULKY AND HEAVY, 992 00:23:39,217 --> 00:23:40,552 AND THESE SMALL AIRPLANES 993 00:23:40,552 --> 00:23:41,987 DIDN'T HAVE A LOT OF POWER. 994 00:23:41,987 --> 00:23:43,922 SO MOST PILOTS JUST CHOSE 995 00:23:43,922 --> 00:23:45,023 NOT TO USE THE PARACHUTE 996 00:23:45,023 --> 00:23:46,258 BECAUSE IT WAS JUST TOO HEAVY 997 00:23:46,258 --> 00:23:47,125 AND TOO BULKY. 998 00:23:47,125 --> 00:23:47,826 >> OKAY, WE HAVE ANOTHER 999 00:23:47,826 --> 00:23:49,861 ONLINE QUESTION: 1000 00:23:49,861 --> 00:23:51,897 "HOW WERE PLANES PILOTED 1001 00:23:51,897 --> 00:23:53,665 "DURING WORLD WAR I?" 1002 00:23:53,665 --> 00:23:54,399 >> WELL, AIRPLANES 1003 00:23:54,399 --> 00:23:55,467 IN WORLD WAR I WERE FLOWN 1004 00:23:55,467 --> 00:23:56,034 JUST THE WAY 1005 00:23:56,034 --> 00:23:57,235 AIRPLANES ARE TODAY. 1006 00:23:57,235 --> 00:23:58,203 THE WRIGHT BROTHERS OF COURSE 1007 00:23:58,203 --> 00:24:00,205 INVENTED THE AIRPLANE IN 1903, 1008 00:24:00,205 --> 00:24:01,206 JUST TEN YEARS BEFORE 1009 00:24:01,206 --> 00:24:02,174 THE BEGINNING OF THE FIRST 1010 00:24:02,174 --> 00:24:03,074 WORLD WAR. 1011 00:24:03,074 --> 00:24:03,775 AND ONE OF THE THINGS 1012 00:24:03,775 --> 00:24:04,609 THAT'S SPECIAL ABOUT 1013 00:24:04,609 --> 00:24:05,544 THE WRIGHT BROTHERS' AIRPLANE 1014 00:24:05,544 --> 00:24:06,611 IS EVERY AIRPLANE FLIES 1015 00:24:06,611 --> 00:24:08,280 THE SAME WAY THEIR AIRPLANE DID. 1016 00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:09,614 SO OLD AIRPLANES FLY 1017 00:24:09,614 --> 00:24:10,515 LIKE NEW AIRPLANES. 1018 00:24:10,515 --> 00:24:11,149 >> OKAY. 1019 00:24:11,149 --> 00:24:11,750 LUCA, DO WE HAVE ANOTHER 1020 00:24:11,750 --> 00:24:12,851 AUDIENCE QUESTION? 1021 00:24:12,851 --> 00:24:13,652 >> YEAH, WE HAVE ONE 1022 00:24:13,652 --> 00:24:15,053 FROM OLIVIA. 1023 00:24:15,053 --> 00:24:16,254 >> HOW DID AMERICA 1024 00:24:16,254 --> 00:24:18,290 CONTRIBUTE TO WORLD WAR I? 1025 00:24:18,290 --> 00:24:19,224 >> WELL, THE FIRST WORLD WAR 1026 00:24:19,224 --> 00:24:21,526 BEGAN IN 1914, BUT 1027 00:24:21,526 --> 00:24:22,494 THE UNITED STATES DIDN'T 1028 00:24:22,494 --> 00:24:24,696 GET INVOLVED UNTIL 1917, 1029 00:24:24,696 --> 00:24:25,697 AND OUR TROOPS DIDN'T GET THERE 1030 00:24:25,697 --> 00:24:27,732 UNTIL EARLY 1918. 1031 00:24:27,732 --> 00:24:29,434 BY 1918, ALL THE SIDES 1032 00:24:29,434 --> 00:24:31,036 ON THE WAR-- THE BRITISH, 1033 00:24:31,036 --> 00:24:32,204 THE GERMANS, THE FRENCH-- 1034 00:24:32,204 --> 00:24:33,038 WERE EXHAUSTED. 1035 00:24:33,038 --> 00:24:33,772 IT WAS A LONG, 1036 00:24:33,772 --> 00:24:34,840 DEBILITATING WAR. 1037 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:36,107 SO THE FRESH TROOPS 1038 00:24:36,107 --> 00:24:37,008 FROM THE UNITED STATES, 1039 00:24:37,008 --> 00:24:38,276 AND OUR SUPPLIES THAT WE WERE 1040 00:24:38,276 --> 00:24:39,177 ABLE TO BRING TO THE ALLIED 1041 00:24:39,177 --> 00:24:40,612 SIDE, WERE THE FINAL PUSH 1042 00:24:40,612 --> 00:24:41,379 TO HELP THE UNITED STATES 1043 00:24:41,379 --> 00:24:42,848 AND THE ALLIES WIN. 1044 00:24:42,848 --> 00:24:44,282 >> LUCA, DO WE HAVE ANOTHER 1045 00:24:44,282 --> 00:24:45,584 AUDIENCE QUESTION? 1046 00:24:45,584 --> 00:24:46,585 >> YES, WE HAVE ANOTHER ONE 1047 00:24:46,585 --> 00:24:48,019 FROM WING YEN. 1048 00:24:48,019 --> 00:24:50,322 >> WHICH SIDE HAD MORE PLANES? 1049 00:24:50,322 --> 00:24:51,823 >> WELL, THE ALLIES-- 1050 00:24:51,823 --> 00:24:52,757 THE BRITISH, THE FRENCH, 1051 00:24:52,757 --> 00:24:53,758 AND THE AMERICANS-- 1052 00:24:53,758 --> 00:24:55,227 HAD MORE PLANES IN NUMBERS. 1053 00:24:55,227 --> 00:24:56,695 THE GERMANS AND THE AUSTRIANS 1054 00:24:56,695 --> 00:24:58,096 HAD FEWER PLANES. 1055 00:24:58,096 --> 00:24:59,064 PART OF THE REASON FOR THAT 1056 00:24:59,064 --> 00:25:00,732 WAS BECAUSE THE BATTLE 1057 00:25:00,732 --> 00:25:01,900 WAS FLOWN MOSTLY OVER 1058 00:25:01,900 --> 00:25:03,001 THE GERMAN LINES. 1059 00:25:03,001 --> 00:25:04,703 PARTLY BECAUSE OF THE LOCATION 1060 00:25:04,703 --> 00:25:05,971 OF WHERE THE TRENCHES WERE, 1061 00:25:05,971 --> 00:25:07,005 BUT ALSO BECAUSE THE WESTERLY 1062 00:25:07,005 --> 00:25:08,773 WINDS WOULD BLOW THE PLANES 1063 00:25:08,773 --> 00:25:10,075 OVER THE GERMAN LINES. 1064 00:25:10,075 --> 00:25:10,842 SO A LOT OF THE BATTLES 1065 00:25:10,842 --> 00:25:12,244 TOOK PLACE OVER GERMANY-- 1066 00:25:12,244 --> 00:25:13,211 OR OVER FRANCE, ACTUALLY, 1067 00:25:13,211 --> 00:25:13,879 AND THE GERMAN SIDE 1068 00:25:13,879 --> 00:25:14,846 OF THE LINES. 1069 00:25:14,846 --> 00:25:16,982 AND THAT MEANT THAT A LOT 1070 00:25:16,982 --> 00:25:18,016 OF THE BRITISH AND FRENCH 1071 00:25:18,016 --> 00:25:18,817 AND AMERICAN AIRPLANES 1072 00:25:18,817 --> 00:25:20,719 WERE SHOT DOWN, SO THEY NEEDED 1073 00:25:20,719 --> 00:25:21,586 MORE AIRPLANES. 1074 00:25:21,586 --> 00:25:22,220 >> OKAY. 1075 00:25:22,220 --> 00:25:22,754 PETER, THANK YOU FOR 1076 00:25:22,754 --> 00:25:24,222 JOINING US TODAY. 1077 00:25:24,222 --> 00:25:25,290 THAT'S ALL THE TIME WE HAVE. 1078 00:25:25,290 --> 00:25:26,024 NOW, WE WANT TO REMIND YOU 1079 00:25:26,024 --> 00:25:27,158 THAT WE WILL BE BACK 1080 00:25:27,158 --> 00:25:28,393 IN AUGUST, AND WE WILL BE 1081 00:25:28,393 --> 00:25:29,527 ON THE ROAD FOR 1082 00:25:29,527 --> 00:25:31,596 THE GREAT AMERICAN ECLIPSE. 1083 00:25:31,596 --> 00:25:40,405 ♪♪ 1084 00:25:43,708 --> 00:25:44,776 >> HI, I'M MARTY, AND THIS IS 1085 00:25:44,776 --> 00:25:46,011 PASSENGER SEAT SCIENCE, 1086 00:25:46,011 --> 00:25:47,245 WHERE WE DO COOL SCIENCE-Y 1087 00:25:47,245 --> 00:25:48,280 STUFF IN THE CAR BECAUSE 1088 00:25:48,280 --> 00:25:49,214 WE'RE RIDING AROUND AND 1089 00:25:49,214 --> 00:25:50,015 WE DON'T HAVE ANYTHING 1090 00:25:50,015 --> 00:25:51,049 BETTER TO DO. 1091 00:25:51,049 --> 00:25:51,950 TODAY, I'M ON A ROAD TRIP 1092 00:25:51,950 --> 00:25:53,018 WITH MY BUDDY JOHN. 1093 00:25:53,018 --> 00:25:54,219 JOHN, HOW'S IT GOING? 1094 00:25:54,219 --> 00:25:55,153 >> NOT TOO GOOD, MARTY. 1095 00:25:55,153 --> 00:25:55,954 THE SUN'S IN MY EYES 1096 00:25:55,954 --> 00:25:56,621 EVEN THOUGH I HAVE 1097 00:25:56,621 --> 00:25:57,622 SUNGLASSES ON. 1098 00:25:57,622 --> 00:25:59,357 >> I AM GLAD THAT'S HAPPENING! 1099 00:25:59,357 --> 00:26:00,292 WELL, OKAY, JOHN, I'M NOT 1100 00:26:00,292 --> 00:26:01,059 GLAD IT'S HAPPENING, 1101 00:26:01,059 --> 00:26:02,227 BUT THERE'S SOME COOL SCIENCE 1102 00:26:02,227 --> 00:26:03,662 STUFF THAT WE CAN DO WITH IT. 1103 00:26:03,662 --> 00:26:05,196 TRY THIS: HOLD YOUR HAND UP 1104 00:26:05,196 --> 00:26:06,431 AND BLOCK THE SUN, 1105 00:26:06,431 --> 00:26:07,332 BUT MAKE SURE YOU CAN STILL 1106 00:26:07,332 --> 00:26:08,133 SEE THE ROAD. 1107 00:26:08,133 --> 00:26:09,000 DOES THAT HELP? 1108 00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:09,768 >> YEAH. 1109 00:26:09,768 --> 00:26:10,869 >> JOHN HAS JUST CREATED 1110 00:26:10,869 --> 00:26:11,636 AN ECLIPSE. 1111 00:26:11,636 --> 00:26:12,938 AN ECLIPSE IS ANY TIME 1112 00:26:12,938 --> 00:26:14,205 YOU BLOCK THE LIGHT COMING 1113 00:26:14,205 --> 00:26:15,440 FROM A CELESTIAL BODY. 1114 00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:16,474 TYPICALLY, THAT MEANS 1115 00:26:16,474 --> 00:26:18,109 THE SUN OR THE MOON. 1116 00:26:18,109 --> 00:26:19,844 HIS HAND IS CASTING A SHADOW 1117 00:26:19,844 --> 00:26:21,613 ACROSS HIS FACE JUST LIKE 1118 00:26:21,613 --> 00:26:22,948 AN ECLIPSE CASTS A SHADOW 1119 00:26:22,948 --> 00:26:24,215 ACROSS THE EARTH. 1120 00:26:24,215 --> 00:26:25,450 LATER THIS YEAR, THERE IS 1121 00:26:25,450 --> 00:26:26,918 AN ECLIPSE PASSING ACROSS 1122 00:26:26,918 --> 00:26:28,687 THE ENTIRE UNITED STATES. 1123 00:26:28,687 --> 00:26:29,487 IF YOU LIVE IN 1124 00:26:29,487 --> 00:26:30,855 THE UNITED STATES, YOU SHOULD 1125 00:26:30,855 --> 00:26:32,424 BE ABLE TO SEE THIS ECLIPSE. 1126 00:26:32,424 --> 00:26:33,258 >> EVEN ME? 1127 00:26:33,258 --> 00:26:34,659 >> EVEN YOU, JOHN. 1128 00:26:34,659 --> 00:26:35,493 AND IF YOU'RE IN THE RIGHT 1129 00:26:35,493 --> 00:26:36,795 LOCATION, YOU MIGHT SEE 1130 00:26:36,795 --> 00:26:39,230 A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE. 1131 00:26:39,230 --> 00:26:39,998 TO LEARN MORE 1132 00:26:39,998 --> 00:26:40,865 ABOUT THE ECLIPSE, 1133 00:26:40,865 --> 00:26:41,766 BE SURE TO TUNE INTO 1134 00:26:41,766 --> 00:26:43,668 "STEM IN 30" ON AUGUST 16th 1135 00:26:43,668 --> 00:26:45,270 AND AGAIN ON AUGUST 21st 1136 00:26:45,270 --> 00:26:46,504 AS WE COME TO YOU LIVE 1137 00:26:46,504 --> 00:26:48,139 FROM THE PATH OF TOTALITY. 1138 00:26:48,139 --> 00:26:48,840 THIS HAS BEEN 1139 00:26:48,840 --> 00:26:50,408 PASSENGER SEAT SCIENCE-- 1140 00:26:50,408 --> 00:26:52,077 SCIENCE YOU AUTO KNOW. 1141 00:26:52,077 --> 00:26:57,015 ♪♪ 1142 00:26:57,015 --> 00:26:57,816 >> OF COURSE, I WANT TO 1143 00:26:57,816 --> 00:26:58,717 THANK PETER JAKAB FOR BEING 1144 00:26:58,717 --> 00:27:00,085 WITH US HERE TODAY. 1145 00:27:00,085 --> 00:27:00,685 I WANT TO THANK 1146 00:27:00,685 --> 00:27:01,886 CHARLOTTE GRANT OF 1147 00:27:01,886 --> 00:27:03,221 THE BELGIAN EMBASSY. 1148 00:27:03,221 --> 00:27:05,390 WITHOUT HER, WE PROBABLY 1149 00:27:05,390 --> 00:27:06,524 WOULD NOT HAVE HAD 1150 00:27:06,524 --> 00:27:08,560 SUCH A WONDERFUL SHOW TODAY. 1151 00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:09,794 AND I ALSO WANT TO THANK 1152 00:27:09,794 --> 00:27:11,896 AMBASSADOR AND MRS. WOUTERS 1153 00:27:11,896 --> 00:27:12,797 FOR INVITING US 1154 00:27:12,797 --> 00:27:14,899 INTO THEIR BEAUTIFUL HOME. 1155 00:27:14,899 --> 00:27:15,567 >> WE LEAVE YOU TODAY 1156 00:27:15,567 --> 00:27:16,735 WITH SCENES FROM THE NATIONAL 1157 00:27:16,735 --> 00:27:18,303 WORLD WAR I MUSEUM AND MEMORIAL 1158 00:27:18,303 --> 00:27:19,738 IN KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI. 1159 00:27:19,738 --> 00:27:20,505 THANKS FOR WATCHING.